PE Exam Stuff Flashcards
Framework outiline
Allows for upright posture-help fight gravity. Bones provide a solid framework for the body
Protection outline
Protection of vital organs such as heart, lungs and brain via rib cage and skull
Adequate body posture
Muscles are continually in a state of tone that gives them the ability to maintain upright posture when awake
Essential bodily functions
Involuntary muscles that function continuously and preserve our ongoing body needs
Role of ATP
Energy is contained in high energy bonds and is released when the bonds is broken. ATP is converted into ADP. All muscle contractions results from energy released during splitting of 3rd phosphate molecule
For contraction to continue beyond a time
ATP must be resynthesised
By products of ATP-CP
None
By products of anaerobic glycolysis
H+ ions fatiguing
By products of aerobic
CO2, water and heat
Recovery for ATP-CP
Passive: 50% in 30s
100%: 3-5 mins
Anaerobic glycolysis recovery
Active in order to increase oxygen to muscles
Aerobic energy system recovery
Active if anaerobic glycolysis system also contributed
Passive and eating glycogen if event was longer and slower
Anaerobic vs aerobic pathways
Anaerobic: low yield of ATP, doesn’t require 02, only resystnhesises ATP for a short duration, produces muscular fatiguing by-products e.g H+ ions
Aerobic: high yield of ATP, requires O2, can resynthesis ATP for long duration, cannot resynthesise ATP for high intensity efforts
Soft tissue
When connective tissue or muscle fibres cannot cope with the stress being placed on them or a joint is overextended
Soft tissue
When connective tissue or muscle fibres cannot cope with the stress being placed on them or a joint is overextended
Open wound
When the skin is damaged
Generally occurs via direct blow
Fracture structure injured
Bone
Dislocation structure injured
Joint
Possible cause fracture
Direct trauma to area e.g blow or indirect trauma e.g broken clavicle
Possible cause of dislocation
Excessive movement of a joint
Signs and symptoms of fractures
Pain, swelling, difficulty in moving
What injury damages both hard and soft tissue
Dislocation
Ligaments joint bone to bone and dliscation occurs at joint and involves forming joint being displaced
Signs and symptoms dislocation
Deformity, loss of movement, pain
Shin splits description
Pain felt anywhere along tibia from knee to ankle
Signs and symptoms of shin splits
Initial pain: slight inflammation in muscles
Over time: pain= constant and very uncomfortable
Osteitis pubis definition
Irritation and/or overuse of joint between pubic bones of the pelvis
Tennis/golfers elbow description
Swelling of tendons in elbow and arm
Signs and symptoms tennis/ golfers elbow
Recurring pain on outside of upper forearm
Difficulty extending forearm
Arthritis definition
Inflammation of the joints in the body causing pain and stiffness
Osteoarthritis definition
Degernative condition resulting from overuse or ‘wear and tear’ of a joint, mostly affecting the weight bearing joints of the hip, knee or ankle
Cartilage on ends of bones wear away causing the bones to rub together, creating pain and swelling
Risk factors osteoarthritis
1) physical inactivity
2)being overweight
Rheumatoid arthritis
Immune system attacks tissues lining the joints causing pain, swelling, irreversible damage and deformity
Generally affects smaller joints of body such as hands and feet
Rheumatoid arthritis risk factors
1) smoking
2) being female
3) family history
4) increasing age
Back pain definition
Affects the bones, joints, tissues and nerves of the back
Risk factors of back pain
Poor posture, being overweight
Warmup benefits
Increases heart and respiratory rate which increases delivery of blood and oxygen to working muscles
Increases temp of muscles t/f increases flexibility and range of motion and the joint and decreases risk of injury
General phase definition
Should include low-impact aerobic activities, such as jogging as well as stretching
Sport specific phase definition
Should include activities directly related to the muscles, joints and body parts about to be used in the activity
Benefits of a cool down/active recovery
1) prevent venous pooling (accumulation of blood in veins of the leg)
2) breaks down and removes lactic acid from blood
3) reduces potential for muscle soreness
4) allows body to return to its resting physiological state
To ensure that it is effective, important that all protective equipment..
-is worn during training and games
-fits correctly
- is specific and appropriate for the sport, size and age of athlete
- os regularly checked and maintained
Rigid taping use
Used if athlete wants to restrict movement and normally used on joints such as ankles
Advantages of rigid taping
Reduces chance of injury, restricts potentially harmful movement, protect from further injury
Disadvantages of rigid taping
Irritation of skin, reduced circulation if too tight, loses elasticity over time and t/f less effective
Kinesiology taping description
Less restrictive taping that allows muscle support whilst not compromising range of motion
Tape is not completely wrapped around the injured joint or muscle
Kinesiology taping advantages
Greater range of motion than rigid taping, ability to be worn for longer than rigid strapping tape
Kinesiology taping disadvantages
Expensive to purchase and needs to be applied by a professional e.g physiotherapist
Braces description
A garment that is worn around a joint to prevent I jury by restricting movement
Advantages of braces
Individual can put on brace by themselves rather than needing pro help, good quality braces can last longer and t/f be cheaper
Disadvantages of braces
Initial expense, bulky and affect movement
PNF involves
Must contract and push against resistance
Muscle group to be stretched and is positioned so muscles are stretched and under tension
Direct observation descirption
Watching someone in person and taking notes
Advantages direct observation
Immediate feedback t/f quicker impact on game
Easy to organize as less equipment requires
Disadvantages direct observation
Expertise required to do accurately and subjective t/f decreases accuracy
Indirect observation description
Recording the activity and watching back
Indirect observation advantages
More accurate as you can slow down video and pause
Can be stored for future analysis
Indirect observation disadvantages
Access to equipment t/f limits who can use
Time consuming
Movement patterns description and what it measures
Involves charting and recording on-field movement of players throughout a game
Measures distances and intensities of player to determine predominant fitness components and energy systems used
Heart rate can be used to determine
Energy system demands
Work to rest ratio
Refers to amount of time a player is active compared to recovering
Work to rest ratio measures
Energy system usage
1:5 and above w:r ratio
CP system is most significant when working
1:4, 1:3 and 1:2
Aerobic glycolysis system
1:1 or 2:1
Aerobic system
Skill frequency table helps to determine
Fitness components and muscle groups required for a sport
Chemical pathway aerobic power
Aerobic
Muscular strength chemical pathway
ATP-cp and anaerobic glycolysis
Muscular endurance chemical pathway
Anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic
Flexibility chemical pathway
Dynamic: atp-cp
Static: aerobic
Lab testing
Completed in a lab, more accurate, expensive, elite athletes, gives indivualised results
E.g vo2 max test
Field testing
Inexpensive, readily avalibable, estimations or predictions, in class
E.g 20m shuttle run test
Direct
Gives a direct indication/value e.g VO2 max test
Indirect
Based on predictive measures and equations linked to norms
Reliable
Test needs to be repliacted to produce consistent results e.g same conditions every time
Accuracy
Rules and guidelines must be strictly followed
Valid
The test needs to be a recognised way to measure the fitness component
Selecting tests
Need to replicate requirements of the sport
Order of tests in a fitness battery
Should be in an order that iminises impact on future tests
Least fatiguing to most fatiguing and using alertanting body parts
Frequency for continuous
Maintain: 3/ week
Improve: at least 4
Frequency fartlek training
Maintain:3 session/week
Improve:at least 4
Fartlek training
Type of continuous training where efforts are performed at various intensities for a minimum duration of 20 minutes
Flexibility frequency
In every session at start and end
