PE- cardiovascular system and respiratory sytem Flashcards
Heart rate definition
the number of times your heart beats per minute
Stroke Volume
the amount of blood ejected from your heart per beat
Cardiac Output
the amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute
Blood pressure
the force exerted by the circulatory blood against the blood vessel walls
Cholesterol
Fatty substance carried in the blood by lipoproteins which come in 2 forms which are LDL and HDL
What does the cardiovascular system consist of
-heart
-blood
-blood vessels
What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump
deoxygenated blood
What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump
oxygenated blood
What does the blood go through when travelling away from the heart
arteries
What does the blood go through when returning to the heart
veins
What does the pulmonary circuit do
carries blood from the heart to and from the lungs
What does the systemic circuit do
carries blood from the heart to and from the head and the rest of the body
What are the components of blood
-Platelets
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Plasma
What do the platelets do
prevent and stop bleeding
What do the red blood cells do
carry oxygen throughout the body
What do the white blood cells do
fight infections throughout the body
What do the plasma do
straw-like fluid that transports water, nutrients
Systole definition
made by the lower chambers contracting and pushing blood at high pressure into the arteries
Diastole definition
made by the upper chambers contracting
Systolic pressure definition
the pressure in the arteries whilst the heart is contracting
Diastolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries whilst the heart is relaxing
How can blood pressure be affected
-unhealthy diet
-High alcohol consumption
-Smoking
-No exercise
-High stress levels
What do high density lipoproteins contain
fat
Is HDL good cholesterol
yes
What does HDL do
it carries cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, which removes it from the body
What does LDL contain
fat
What does LDL cause
it causes the build up of plaque in the arteries
What effects does LDL have on the heart
heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body
is LDL good
NO
What is the Cardiac Output equation
Cardiac Output= Stroke Vol x Heart Rate
What is the pathway of blood
-Left atrium
-Left ventricle
-To the body
-Right atrium
-Right ventricle
-To the lungs
Short term effect of cardio vascular systems
-Increase in stroke volume
-Increase in heart rate
- Increasing cardiac output
Long term effects of the cardiovascular system
-Reducing blood pressure
-Increase in resting stroke volume
- Increase in cardiac output
-Increase in more red blood cells
-Reducing resting heart rate
-Increase number of capillaries
Describe inspiration
- The intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribcage up and out
- The diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten
- The chest cavity gets larger causing pressure in the lungs to fall.
- Air moves into the lungs from the higher outside pressure
Describe expiration
- The intercostal muscles relax so the ribcage returns back to normal
2.The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up - The chest cavity gets smaller so pressure in the lungs increase
- Air flows out of the lungs to the lower outside pressure.
What is gaseous exchange
refers to the exchange of gases, namely oxygen and carbon dioxide and relies on a process called diffusion
Where does gaseous exchange take place
alveoli
What is diffusion
Gases always move from a area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
What is an alveoli
they are extremely tiny structures in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
What helps diffusion take place in the alveoli
their walls are very thin and moist to help oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through. The branches of the alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries
Where is myoglobin found
found in muscle tissue
Where is haemoglobin found
found in red blood cells
Why is myoglobin better than haemoglobin for oxygen storage
myoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than haemoglobin. It is not good for oxygen transport and is instead good for oxygen storage
What is pulmonary ventilation
the amount of air we breathe in and out per minute
What is the pulmonary ventilation equation
VE= frequency x tidal volume
What is tidal volume
volume of air breathed in and out during one breath
What is the average breathing rate
12 breaths/min
What is the average tidal volume
0.5 litres
What are the short term effects of the respiratory system when doing exercise
-Increase ventilation
-Increase oxygen uptake
-Increase diffusion
-Increase breathing rate
-Tidal volume
-minute ventilation
What are the long term effects of the respiratory system when doing exercise
-size of the chest increases
-amount that the chest can expand increases
-Decrease in breathing rate at rest
-capillary web around the alveoli is increased
-The exchange of gas is improved
-tidal volume increases
