Pe Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different functions of the skeleton?
A
Support
Protection
Movement
Making blood cells
Mineral storage
2
Q
What are the three types of bones in the body?
A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
3
Q
What are long bones used for?
A
Gross movement
4
Q
What are short bones used for?
A
Fine movement
5
Q
What are flat bones used for?
A
Protect internal organs
Allow muscle attachment
6
Q
Which bones are long bones?
A
Humerus
Ulna and radius
Femur
Fibula and tibia
7
Q
Which bones are flat bones?
A
Cranium
Sternum and ribs
Scapula
Pelvis
8
Q
Which bones are short bones?
A
Talus
9
Q
What other bones are there?
A
Vertebral column
Patella
10
Q
What is a joint?
A
Any point where two or more bones meet
11
Q
What are the bones which meet at a joint called?
A
Articulating bones
12
Q
What bones meet at the hip joint?
A
Pelvis and femur
13
Q
What bones meet at the shoulder joint?
A
Humerus and scapula
14
Q
What bones meet at the knee joint?
A
Femur and tibia
15
Q
What bones meet at the ankle joint?
A
Tibia, fibula and talus
16
Q
What bones meet at the elbow joint?
A
Humerus, radius and ulna
17
Q
What is flexion at a joint?
A
The closing of a joint
18
Q
What is extension at a joint?
A
The opening of a joint
19
Q
What is adduction at a joint?
A
The moving of a limb towards the midline of the body
20
Q
What is abduction at a joint?
A
The moving of a limb away from the midline of the body
21
Q
What is rotation at a joint?
A
The clockwise or anticlockwise movement of a limb
22
Q
What is circumduction at a joint?
A
The movement of a limb, hand or foot in a circular motion
23
Q
What is plantar flexion at a joint?
A
Extension at the ankle joint
24
Q
What is dorsiflexion at a joint?
A
Flexion at the ankle joint
25
What are the two types of joint?
Ball and socket
Hinge
26
What types of movements can be done at a ball and socket joint?
All types
27
What types of movements can be done at a hinge joint?
Just flexion and extension
28
Which joints are ball and socket?
Hip joint
Shoulder joint
29
Which joints are hinge?
Knee
Ankle
Elbow
30
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
31
What is the job of ligaments?
Connect bone to bone
32
What is the job of tendons?
Attach muscle to bone
33
What is the job of cartilage?
Acts as a cushion between bones
34
What types of joints are synovial joints?
Hinge joints and ball and socket joints
35
What is a synovial joint?
A joint which allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule enclosing and supporting it
36
What are synovial joints held together by?
Ligaments
37
What does the synovial membrane do?
Releases synovial fluid into joint capsule to lubricate it
38
What does the bursae do?
Reduce friction between bones and tissue
39
What movement do biceps allow for?
Flexion at the elbow
40
What movement do triceps allow for?
Extension at the elbow
41
What movement do pectorals allow for?
Adduction and flexion at the shoulder
42
What movement do hip flexors allow for?
Flexion at the hip
43
What movement do the gluteals allow for?
Extension, rotation and adduction at the hip
44
What movement do the deltoids allow for?
Flexion, extension, abduction or circumduction at the shoulder
45
What movement do the latissimus dorsi allow for?
Extension, adduction or rotation at the shoulder
46
What movement does the tibialis anterior allow for?
Dorsiflexion at the ankle
47
What movement do the rotator cuffs allow for?
Rotation and abduction at the shoulder
48
What movement do the abdominals allow for?
Flexion at the waist
49
What movement do the gastrocnemius allow for?
Plantar flexion at the ankle
50
What movement do the quadriceps allow for?
Extension at the knee
51
What movement do the hamstrings allow for?
Flexion at the knee
52
What are the two types of muscle contractions?
Isometric
Isotonic
53
What happens in an isometric contraction?
The muscle stays the same length
54
What happens in an isotonic contraction?
The muscle changes length so something moves
55
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
Concentric
Eccentric
56
What happens in a concentric contraction?
The muscle contracts and shortens
57
What happens in an eccentric contraction?
The muscle contracts and lengthens
58
What are antagonistic muscles?
Pairs of muscles which work against each other
59
What are the different movement of muscles in an antagonist pair called?
Contracting muscle - agonist or prime mover
Relaxing muscle - antagonist
60
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
61
Where do arteries carry blood?
Away from the heart
62
Where do veins carry blood?
Towards the heart
63
Where do capillaries carry blood?
To exchange gases and nutrients
64
How does air pass through the respiratory system?
Trachea to bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli
65
What happens to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles as you breathe in?
Contract to move the rib cage upwards and expand chest cavity
66
What happens to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles as you breathe out?
Relax moving the rib cage down and shrinking the chest cavity
67
What two gases are exchanged in the alveoli?
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
68
What is of a high concentration and what has a low concentration in the alveoli before diffusion?
High concentration of oxygen
Low concentration of carbon dioxide
69
What is of high concentration and what is of low concentration in the capillaries before diffusion?
High concentration of carbon dioxide
Low concentration of oxygen
70
What is used to measure the amount of air in your lungs?
A spirometer
71
What is your tidal volume?
The amount of air you breathe in or out in one breath
72
What is your inspiratory reserve volume?
The extra volume of air you can breathe in after a normal breath in
73
What is your expiratory reserve volume?
The extra air you can breathe out after a normal breath out
74
What is your residual volume?
The air left in your lungs after you have breathed out as much as you can
75
What does a spirometer trace show?
Lung air volumes
76
What type of exercise would you use aerobic respiration?
When exercise is not too fast but steady
77
What type of exercise would you use anaerobic respiration?
When exercise is short and at high intensity
78
At what type of exercise are carbohydrates used as fuel?
Aerobic exercise at moderate intensity and anaerobic exercise at high intensity
79
When are fats used as the body’s fuel?
Aerobic exercise at low intensity
80
What are the short term effects of exercise on the muscles?
Produce lactic acid causes muscle fatigue
81
What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
Increased breathing rate
Increased depth of breath
82
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
Heart rate and stroke volume increase
Increased blood pressure
83
What is heart rate?
The number of times your heart beats per minute
84
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped with each contraction
85
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute
86
How is cardiac output calculated?
Heart rate x stroke volume
87
What is vasodilation?
The widening of the blood vessels to let more blood flow through
88
What is vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce the amount of blood flowing through
89
What are the long term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system?
Make muscles thicker and reduce body weight this increases your strength
Stronger ligaments and tendons reduces injury risk
Improve speed
90
What are the long term effects of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system?
Bigger stronger heart which has an increased cardiac output
Increased cardiovascular endurance
91
What is a lever arm?
The bone of body part being moved about a point
92
What is the fulcrum?
The joint where the lever arm pivots
93
What is the effort?
The force applied by the muscles to the lever arm
94
What is the resistance?
The thing acting against the pull of the muscles on the lever arm
95
What are the three types of lever system?
First class
Second class
Third class
96
What does a first class lever system look like?
The load and effort are at opposite ends with the fulcrum in the middle
97
What does a second class lever system look like?
The fulcrum and effort are at opposite ends and the load is in the middle
98
What does a third class lever system look like?
The fulcrum and load are at opposite ends with the effort in the middle
99
What does the mechanical advantage of a lever measure?
How efficient it is at moving heavy loads
100
Formula for mechanical advantage
Mechanical advantage= effort arm / weight arm
101
What lever system has a high mechanical advantage?
Second class
102
What lever system has a low mechanical advantage?
Third class
103
Which lever system can have both high and low mechanical advantage?
First class
104
What is a plane?
An imaginary flat surface which runs through the body
105
What are planes used for?
Describe the direction of movement
106
What are the three types of plane?
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
107
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
Into left and right sides
108
How does the transverse plane divide the body?
From top to bottom
109
How does the frontal plane divide the body?
Front and back
110
What is an axis?
A imaginary line which runs through the body
111
What are the three types of axis?
Sagittal
Transverse
Longitudinal
112
How does the sagittal axis run through the body?
From front to back
113
How does the transverse axis run through the body?
Left to right
114
How does the longitudinal axis run through the body?
Top to bottom
115
Which plane and axis does flexion / extension use?
Sagittal plane
Transverse axis
116
What plane and axis does abduction/ adduction use?
Frontal plane
Sagittal axis
117
What plane and axis does rotation use?
Transverse plane
Longitudinal axis
118
What is the definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not just the absence of disease
119
What is the definition of fitness?
The ability to cope with the demands of the environment
120
What is cardiovascular endurance?
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles
121
What is muscular endurance?
The ability to repeatedly use muscles over time without getting tired
122
What is strength?
The amount of force that a muscle can apply against a resistance
123
What are the 4 types of strength?
Maximal
Static
Explosive
Dynamic
124
What is speed?
The rate at which someone is able to cover a distance
125
What is power?
A combination of speed and strength
126
How do we calculate power?
Strength x speed
127
What is agility?
The ability to change direction quickly with control
128
What is balance?
The ability to keep the bodies centre of mass over a base of support
129
What is coordination?
The ability to use two or more parts of the body together effectively
130
What is reaction time?
The time taken to move in reaction to a stimulus
131
What is flexibility?
The amount of range of motion at a joint
132
What do fitness tests allow is to do?
Identify our fitness strengths and weaknesses
133
How do we test coordination?
Wall toss test
134
How do we test flexibility?
Sit and reach test
135
How do we test reaction time?
Ruler drop test
136
How do we test cardiovascular endurance?
Multistage fitness test
137
How do we test speed?
30m sprint test
138
How do we test maximal strength?
One rep max
139
How do we test agility?
Illinois agility test
140
How do we test power?
Vertical jump test
141
How do we test muscular endurance?
Sit up bleep test
142
How do we test balance?
Stork stand test
143
How do we test strength?
Handgrip dynamometer test
144
What are the limitations of fitness tests?
Do not test specific sporting actions
Require motivation to work at maximal
No direct measurements
145
What are the four sport principles of training?
Specificity
Progressive
Overload
Reversibility
Tedium
146
What are the FITT principles of training?
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
147
How does your body adapt during exercise?
Changes during rest and recovery to cope with increased intensity causing you to get fitter
148
Why is recovery time important?
Avoid overtraining and injury
149
How do you work out your theoretical maximum heart rate?
220 - age
150
What is the aerobic training target zone?
60-80% of maximum heart rate
151
What is the anaerobic training target zone?
80-90% of maximum heart rate
152
What are the boundaries of training zones called?
Thresholds
153
What are the different training types?
Continuous training
Fartlek training
Interval training
Weight training
Circuit training
Plyometric
High altitude
Static stretching
154
What is continuous training used for?
Cardiovascular endurance
Muscular endurance
155
What are advantages and disadvantages of continuous training?
Easy to do
Prepare for sports with little break
No improvement to anaerobic fitness
Becomes boring
Injury risk as lots of the same muscles working
156
What is fartkek training used for?
Cardiovascular endurance
Muscular endurance
Speed
157
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fartlek training?
Adaptable so easily tailored to different sports
Lacks structure
158
What is interval training used for?
Cardiovascular endurance
Anaerobic fitness
Speed
159
What are the advantages and disadvantages of interval training?
Easily adapted to change purpose
Exhausting
Injury risk
160
What is weight training used for?
Strength
Muscular Endurance
Power
161
What are advantages and disadvantages of weight training?
Easily adapted
Little to no equipment needed
High stress on muscles
Can be dangerous
162
What is circuit training used for?
Cardiovascular endurance
Strength
Speed
163
What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit training?
Personalised to you
Variety keeps interest
Long time to set up with lots of equipment
164
What are plyometrics used for?
Power
165
What are the advantages and disadvantages of plyometrics?
Only form which directly improves power
Demanding on working muscles
166
What is high altitude training used for?
Cardiovascular endurance
Muscular endurance
167
What are advantages and disadvantages of high altitude training?
Improves cardiovascular and muscular endurance
Effects only short term
Expensive
Altitude sickness
168
What is static stretching used for?
Flexibility
169
What are the advantages and disadvantages of static stretching?
Improves athletic performance
Everyone can do
Increases range of movement
Poor technique can lead to injuries
Only effective for some muscles
170
What are the three training periods?
Pre-season (preparation)
Competition (peak)
Post-season (transition)
171
What is training focused on in pre-season?
General fitness
components of fitness needed to compete
172
What is training focused on in competition?
Maintaining fitness level
Develop specific skills
Avoiding fatigue
173
What is training focused on in post-season?
Recovery
Maintain general fitness
174
What things do we do before exercise to prevent injury?
Warm up
Maintain hydration
Taping and bracing as support
Correct clothing and equipment
Correct technique
Correct training structure
175
What do we do after exercise to prevent injury?
Cool down
Eat and hydrate
Leave recovery time
Ice baths
176
What should a warm up involve?
Raising pulse
Stretching and mobility exercises
Practice actions
177
What does the pulse raiser do?
Increases heart
warms up muscles, ligaments and tendons allowing more free movement
Increases oxygen supply to muscles
178
What do stretching and mobility exercises do pre exercise?
Increase flexibility and range of motion
Reduces injury risk
179
What should a cool down involve?
Gradually reducing intensity
Stretching
180
What does the gradually reducing intensity do?
Keep heart and breathing rates high to pay oxygen debt and remove lactic acid
181
What does post exercise stretching do?
Speed up recovery
Improve flexibility
Prevent DOMS
182
What is a skill?
A learned action to bring about a result with certainty and minimum effort
183
What is ability?
A persons set of traits that control their potential to learn a skill
184
What is a basic skill?
Doesn’t require much thought or decision making
185
What is a complex skill?
Requires lots of thought or decision making
186
What is an open skill?
Performed in a changing environment where they need to react and adapt to external factors
187
What is a closed skill?
Performed in the same predictable environment not effected by external factors
188
What is a self-paced skill?
Performer decides how quickly it is done
189
What is an externally-paced skill?
External factors decide when it starts and how quickly it happens
190
What is a gross skill?
Involves powerful movements by large muscle groups
191
What is a fine skill?
Precise movements of accuracy and coordination done by smaller muscle groups
192
What are the two types of goals you can set?
Performance
Outcome
193
What do performance goals focus on?
Improving your own personal performance
194
What do outcome goals focus on?
Performing better than others
195
Why is it better to set performance goals rather than outcome goals?
An outcome goal is controlled by how others also perform and can be more demotivating if u fail to meet it
196
What do the letters in SMART stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Accepted
Realistic
Time-bound
197
What are the different types of guidance?
Verbal
Visual
Manual
Mechanical
198
What are the advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance?
Can be combined with other types of guidance, can be done during performance
Sometimes skills are difficult to explain, language may be confusing
199
What are the advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance?
Allows beginners to copy what they see, can highlight small details of skill
Some skills can’t be copied as they change what is needed everytime, must be clear concise and simple
200
What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance?
Helps beginners get a feel for the skill, helps teach complex skills
Performer could become reliant, difficult to use in big groups
201
What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
Give performers that extra feeling of safety, useful for complex skills
Performer may become reliant, difficult to use in big groups
202
What are the two types of feedback?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
203
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedbacks?
Intrinsic comes from yourself based on the feeling of the action while extrinsic is from someone else
204
What two aspects of the skill can feedback focus on?
Performance
Result
205
What are the 4 parts of the information processing model?
Input
Decision making
Output
Feedback
206
What happens in the input phase on the information processing model?
You receive information for your senses on the environment
207
What happens in the decision making phase of the information processing model?
You decide what is the best way to respond to the input
208
What happens during the output phase of the information processing model?
Muscles react to a message from the brain telling them what to do
209
What happens in the feedback phase of the information processing model?
Receive feedback on how to improve performance
210
What are the different techniques to help with mental preparation?
Mental rehearsal
Visualisation
Deep breathing
Imagery
Positive self-talk
Selective attention
211
What is arousal level?
How mentally and physically alert you are
212
What is the theory which describes the relationship between arousal level and performance?
Inverted-u theory
213
What happens if arousal is too low?
You are not exited and won’t perform well
214
What happens if arousal is too high?
Anxious and nervous leading to mistakes
215
Which type of skills require higher arousal?
Gross skill
216
Which types of skills require lower arousal?
Fine skills
217
What are the two types of motivation?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
218
What is intrinsic motivation caused by?
The enjoyment and good feelings from taking part in
219
What is extrinsic motivation caused by?
Rewards from others
Either tangible or intangible
220
What is usually the most effective type of motivation?
Intrinsic motivation
221
What is direct aggression?
Involves physical contact with another person
222
What is indirect aggression?
Doesn’t involve physical contact but is aimed at an object
223
What types of sports do introverts prefer?
Individual sports which require fine skills, high concentration and low arousal
224
What types of sports to extroverts prefer?
Team sports which are fast-paced, need gross skills and low concentration
225
How do people influence the activities you do?
Parents encourage or discourage participation aswell as may lead to influencing which sport you do as they expose you to it at a young age
Friend also effect this as you may follow what they already play
226
How does your gender influence the activities you do?
Women’s sports event are often much lower profile so girls are not as aware of sport
There is also lots of gender tagging of certain sports which pushes people away from certain sports
227
How does ethnicity and religion influence the activities you do?
Religious festivals may impact the days that you can play sport on
Large amounts of racism may also discourage people from wanting to participate
228
How does disability influence how active you are?
Much less access to sporting facilities
Sports not able to be done and a replacement one not available
229
How does your socio-economic group affect your activity participation?
The cost to participate may be too much for some people
Requirement for expensive specialist equipment
Some sports require special facilities
Unable to get there due to poor access to transport or working irregular hours
230
How does age limit the sports you can do?
Older people are more physically limited
Some sports are unsuitable for young people so have a minimum age requirement
As people get older they have less time to do sports
231
How do schools effect participation?
A good teacher can inspire and vice versa with a bad one
Facilities may limit activities available and reduce participation
232
What does the commercialisation of sport mean?
Managing sport in a way to make money
233
What two things is sport connected to which allows it to grow?
Media
Sponsorship
234
How are sponsorship and sport linked?
Sponsors pay for advertising which makes them money
Give the sport money which is used to help players and improve spectators experience
Players can earn a better wage
235
How are sponsorship and media linked?
More people watch a sport more see the sponsorship making it more valuable
Can now reach a larger audience
236
How is sport and media linked?
Media pay sport to cover its events allows it to develop more people aware of the sport so more play or watch it
Players become superstars however then become hounded by media
Media get a power in the sport in terms of the schedule
People will also pay the tv company to be able to watch the games making them money
237
Negatives of sponsorship in sport?
Money only available for those at the top
Players can lose deals for bad performance or reputation and may then give sponsor bad reputation as a result of their behaviour
Sponsors can hold a power over the team
238
What types of sponsors are inappropriate?
Cigarettes, tobacco, alcohol and fast food as it encourages people to lead an unhealthy lifestyle
239
How can technology help players?
Better equipment and clothes help improve performance
Better training facilities can allow for more improvement in performance
New medical improvements allow quicker recovery from injuries
240
How does technology help officials?
Allow correct decision to be made with more accuracy using things like:
Hawk-eye (tennis)
Decision review system (cricket)
Television match official (rugby)
Goal-line technology (football)
241
What are the advantages of technology helping officials?
Make the sport more fair
Lessen pressure on officials as decisions can be reviewed
Increase respect for officials as it proves them right
Sponsors can use waiting time to show adverts
242
What disadvantages are there to technology helping officials?
Expensive to install
Undermine the authority of officials
Can take a long time and disrupt flow of play and be boring for spectators
243
What is sportsmanship?
Playing within the rules upholding the spirit of the game and using sports etiquette
244
What is the contract to compete?
Agreement between competitors to comply with all rules
245
What does sporting etiquette mean?
Filling the unwritten rules and conventions of the activity
246
What is gamesmanship?
Gaining an advantage by using tactics that push the rules but don’t break them
247
What do gamesmanship techniques usually involve?
Breaking up the flow of the game or distracting your opponent
e.g time wasting in football or shrieking in tennis as someone else hits it
248
Why do people use PEDs?
Improve performance which can give them wealth and fame
Level the playing field if others are doing so too
249
What issues are there with taking PEDs?
They are banned and can have nasty side effects
Those caught usually face fines, disqualification and lengthy bans
250
What are the different types of PEDs?
Beta blockers
Diuretics
Narcotics analgesics
Stimulants
Anabolic agents
Peptide hormones
251
What do beta blockers do to the body?
Reduces effect of adrenaline which improves fine motor skills
Cause nausea, weakness, cramp and heart failure
252
What do diuretics do to the body?
Increase amount you urinate causing weight loss
Cause cramp, dehydration, loss of salts, muscle weakness and heart damage
253
What do narcotics analgesics do to the body?
Kill pain
Addictive with strong withdrawal symptoms
Cause overtraining
254
What do stimulants do to the body?
Increase mental and physical awareness
Cause high blood pressure
Are addictive
255
What do anabolic agents do to the body?
Increase bone and muscle growth
Help with faster recovery
Increase risk of cancer
Women may grow facial and body hair
256
What do peptide hormones do to the body?
Cause an increase in the amount of red blood cells that are produced
Cause stroke, heart problems, abnormal growth and diabetes
257
What is blood doping and what does it do?
Blood doping involves removing blood from an athlete weeks before competition it is then frozen and re-injected pre competition
Causes an increase in red blood cells allowing for more oxygen supply
258
What advantages and disadvantages are there to spectators at sporting events?
Create an atmosphere and add to excitement
Create a home-field advantage
Put pressure on performers
Takes lots of money and planing to ensure their safety
259
What is hooliganism?
Rowdy, aggressive and violent behaviour from spectators
260
What causes hooliganism?
Rivalries between fans cause fans to take it too seriously
Fans drinking and taking drugs can fuel aggression
Frustration with officials or teams performance
Some see it as a display of masculinity and want to show off
261
What can be done to prevent hooliganism?
Kick-offs can be moved to earlier times
All-seater stadiums makes fans less packed together
Segregated seating between fans
Increase in amount of police and stewards
Banning orders for previous offenders
Campaigns to educate
262
What is physical health and wellbeing?
Your body’s organs and systems are working well
You are able to do everyday activities easily
263
How does exercise help your long term health?
Regular aerobic exercise helps prevent high blood pressure and removes cholesterol
Helps it maintain a healthy weight reducing the chance of diabetes
264
What is emotional health and wellbeing?
You feel confident and content with yourself
You are not suffering from mental illness
265
How does exercise help your emotional health and wellbeing?
Competing with others can improve ability to deal with others
Can relieve stress and tension off your mind
Feel good hormones are released by exercise
266
What is social health and wellbeing?
You have friends
You believe your worth in society
You have food, clothing and shelter
267
How can exercise help your social health and wellbeing?
Allows you to meet new people and make friends from all backgrounds
Playing in a team improves teamwork abilities
268
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
One where there is irregular or no physical activity
269
What health risks does a sedentary lifestyle cause?
Lethargy
Poor sleep
Emotional health problems
Poor social health
Obesity
270
What problems does obesity cause?
Strain on cardiovascular system and reduced endurance
High cholesterol levels
Risk of developing diabetes
271
What do we use BMI to work out and what score is obese?
Whether somebody is a health weight or not
Obese is a score of 30 or more
272
What is a balanced diet?
A diet which contains the best ratio of nutrients to match your lifestyle
273
What is the recommended amount of each food type?
Protein 15-20%
Fats 25-30%
Carbohydrates 55-60%
274
What are carbohydrates needed for?
Provide energy for muscles during physical activity
275
What are fats needed for?
Energy for low intensity exercise
Keep body warm and protect organs
Store vitamins
276
What are proteins needed for?
Allow the body to grow and repair especially in muscles
277
How many calories does an adult male and female need a day?
Male 2500 calories
Female 2000 calories
278
What happens if you use an uneven amount of calories to what you took in?
Take in more - gain weight
Take in less - lose weight
Equal amount - maintain weight
279
What are vitamins needed for?
Help body to grow
Bodies chemical reactions
280
What are minerals needed for?
Build bone, teeth and other tissue
Chemical reactions
281
What is water needed for in the body?
Sweat to regulate body temperature
Blood thickness
Brain function
Muscle endurance
282
What are the three somatotypes?
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Endomorph
283
What are the characteristics of an endomorph?
Wide hips
Narrow shoulders
Lots of fat on body
284
What are the characteristics of a mesomorph?
Wide shoulders
Narrow hips
Muscular
Strong arms and legs
Little body fat
285
What are characteristics of an ectomorph?
Narrow shoulders, hips and chest
Not much muscle or fat
Long, thin limbs
