PDW:Key Details Flashcards
How many people die of malaria each year.
400,000 deaths each year.
% of children under age of X that make up for the malaria deaths in X region.
According to who children under 5 accounted for 80% malaria deaths in the African region.
Which countries account for highest malaria deaths toll worldwide.
Nigeria, Congo, Tanzania and Niger.
Which country has benefited from SMC being extended up to the age of X years.
Senegal (not Malawi loser that is for diagnostic section)
What is the name of the agents used in chemoprevention?
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
What is the name of the agent that is only recommended for LLINs.
Pyrethroid is recommended for use in long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs).
What deficiency must patient have to experience the toxic effects of Primaquine.
G6PD deficiency.
How many children lives where saved with dispersible paediatric formulation (give name, number dispatched of this drug).
960,000 children’s lives were saved with 450 million Coartem(artemethur-lumefantrine)
To 50 countries since 2009
What are the two vaccines in development for malaria prevention.
Mosiquirix
New Oxford Vaccine.
Why is there Malaria no widely effective vaccine yet ?
What was the clinical trial findings with Mosiquirix?
Mosiquirix: In clinical trials it proved only partially effective, and it needs to be given in a four dose schedule.
How many TB-related deaths were reported worldwide and what year.
1.6 million TB-related deaths reported in 2019.
Define mono resistant TB
Resistant to any one anti-TB drug.
Define poly resistant TB
Resistant to more than one antiTB drug but not Rifampicin/Isoniazid.
Multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB is …(a)…. resistance to (b) /(c)
(a) In vitro
(b) Rifampicin
(c) Isoniazid
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB is ….(a)… resistance to rifampicin/isoniazid and at least one (b) (e.g. amikacin (c)) AND any one of the (d).
(a) In vitro
(b) injectable
(c) Kanamycin
(d) fluoroquinolone
The profile of a new drug for tuberculosis would be:
1. (a) and (b) treatment < (c) months
2. Effective against (d)/(e)
3. Co-administered with (f)
4. (g)/(h) (i) TB treatment
5. Easily (j) in the (k)
- (a) Simplify (b) Shorten treatment < (c) 2 months
- Effective against (d) MDR-TB and (e) XDR-TB
- Co-administered with (f) anti-retroviral
- (g) Shorten and (h) improve TB treatment
What is the name of the second line injectable anti-TB drugs.
Amikacin Kanamycin
What is the name of the second line fluoroquinolone
Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
What is the names of the bacteriostatic anti-TB drugs
Ethionamide, P- aminosalicylic acid
What is the names of Group 5 drugs
Bendaquiline, Linezolid, Meropenam (carbapenems are hereee).
What is the name of the recently approved anti-TB drugs
Bendaquiline *Sirturo
What are the combination anti-TB drugs available (Please Call Back Lizo)
Pretomanid, Bendaquiline and Linezolid.
What phase is Telacebec in.
Phase II
Countries that used (a) for the treatment of MDR/XDR-TB as part of (b), (c) use or under normal programmatic conditions by the end of (d). WHO
(a) bendaquiline
(b) expanded use
(c) compassionate use
Name vaccine currently in development and what phase (I see 31).
H56:IC31 vaccine is in the phase 2(b) trials.
What is H56:IC31 vaccine composition and primary indication.
Prevention of TB.
Protein/adjuvant
What is the half life of artemisinin
1.4-2.6 hr
What is seasonal malaria chemoprevention
administering monthly doses of antimalarial drugs to children aged 3-59 months during the peak malaria transmission season
Why do you want malaria vaccine to provide 4-year protection
It is not feasible to vaccinate every year due to affordability with low income countries having their populations living in extreme poverty.
What pathways does Malarone interfere with.
Malarone is combination preparation that interferes with two different pathways involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines required nucleic acid replications.
What pathways does sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine interfere with.
How can education prevent serious adverse effects of malaria.
Give an example of how us not having adequate understanding of malaria life cycle impacted vaccine development.
Selection pressure: Drug resistance can develop through genetic mutations of (a) genes in the (b) rendering them no longer (c) to antimalarial drug treatments. The use of antimalarial drugs in (d) with parasites containing (e) can eliminate susceptible parasite but leave (f) (g) to survive and (h).
(a) wild-type
(b) parasite
(c) susceptible
(d) patients
(e) mutations
(f) (g) resistant mutants
(h) reproduce.
Monotherapies: Artemesinin monotherapies have been widely (a) and (b) used in (c) where a (d) proportion of people seek treatment from the (e) sector. These artemisinin monotherapies are (f) than ACTs, and are (g) to have fewer (h).
(a) available
(b) extensively
(c) Cambodia
(d) significant
(e) private
(f) cheaper
(g) perceived
(h) side effects.
Lack of compliance and (a): (b) treatment regimens make it difficult for patients to (c) their (d) course of treatment. This results in (e) drug (f) although it is not known whether this is likely to (g) the development of drug (h).
(a) Adherence
(b) Multiple-day
(c) finish
(d) full
(e) inadequate
(f) dosing
(g) accelerate
(h) resistance
Counterfeit and substandard drugs: Inadequate dosing from (a) or (b) (c) drugs not only increases the (d) for development of drug (e) but also contributes to the (f) (g) of a patient.
(a) Ineffective
(b) poor quality
(c) potential
(e) resistance
(f) (g) prolonged infectiousness
Self-treatment in the (a) sector: Private drug (b) are generally (c) to sell the drugs their customers (d) and can (e). Despite the recent ban on the (f) of (g) monotherapies ensuring (h) and enforcement of this policy will remain a challenge.
(a) private
(b) vendors
(c) seek
(d) afford
(f) sale
(g) artemisin
(h) compliance
Mobile and migrant populations. (a) mobile populations e.g. gem mining, (b) and political (c), seasonal (d) work. The (e) downturn with closure of (f) has (g) more people to seek a living in a rural areas. These populations are (h) to (i) for education and (j), as well as having a (k) potential to spread (l) (m) from one area to another.
(a) Highly
(b) forestry
(c) unrest
(d) agricultural
(e) economic
(f) factories
(g) driven
(h) difficult
(i) locate
(j) treatment
(k) high
(l) resistant
(m) parasites
According to the WHO report in 2021 how many malaria deaths were there and where was it located to high degree.
619,000 malaria deaths (with uncertainty range) mostly occurring in Nigeria.
One study in Malawi showed that when (a) (b) (rectal (c), nailbed (d) and (e)) were used as treatment (f), rather than using a history of (g) fevers, a (h) diagnosis increased from X% to Y% of cases, and unnecessary treatment for (i) were significantly decreased.
(a) clinical
(b) predicators
(c) temperature
(d) pallor
(e) splenomegaly
(f) indications
(g) subjective
(h) correct
X: 2%
Y: 41%
(i) malaria.
A microsporidian (a) plasmodium falciparum (b) in anopheles Anopheles (c) mosquitos found in Lake (d) in Kenya.
(a) impairs
(b) transmission
(c) arabiensis
(d) Victoria.
According to WHO funding for malaria control and elimination totalled to how much in X year, and how much $ did it fall below the global malaria strategy target.
US $3 billion in 2019.
US $5.6 billion was the target.
Which country contributed the highest for malaria global fund.
US 35% vs UK 10%
Every (a) (b) a child dies from (c) and extreme (d), often before their fifth birthday.
(a) three
(b) seconds
(c) AIDs
(d) poverty
More than one (a) people do not have access to (b) (c).
(a) billion
(b) clean
(c) water
LRTI is responsible for 2.6 million deaths in (a).
(a) 2019.
Every (a) a child dies from a (b) or (c) disease.
(a) second
(b) preventable
(c) infectious
1.3 billion people live in extreme poverty.
(a) True
(b) False
(a) True
