PDS5

Question 1

define opportunity cost

Answer 1

cost of any choice in terms of the benefits forgone by not choosing something else

Question 2

what is economic evaluation ?

Answer 2

The comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs and consequences

Question 3

define efficenacy

Answer 3

Maximising benefits in the face of scarce resources

Question 4

define effectivness

Answer 4

Clinical improvements such as extending life or improving quality of life

Question 5

define equity

Answer 5

Concerned with fairness of how health care resources are allocated

Question 6

define epidemiology

Answer 6

Study of the distribution and determinants of an illness in the population and its application to the prevention and control of the illness

Question 7

define incidence

Answer 7

Number of new cases in a given population in a given time period (usually per year or per quarter)

Question 8

define prevalence

Answer 8

All cases in a given population in a given time period (usually per year)
or
Number of cases in a given population at a point in time (point prevalence)

Question 9

define exposed population

Answer 9

The exposed population is all those who have been exposed to the organism

Question 10

define susceptible population

Answer 10

The susceptible population are all those with no immunity (vaccination or acquired)

Question 11

what are the Principles of Health Protection

Answer 11

surveillance
control
communication
prevention

Question 12

what is primary prevention and examples?

Answer 12

primary prevention- stopping it happening in the first place
eg:
Immunisation
Food hygiene
Water supply
Sexual health advice

Question 13

what is secondary prevention and examples/

Answer 13

secondary prevention– stopping more cases occurring
eg:
Treatment of case
Contact tracing and advice about reducing risks
Needle exchanges

Question 14

what does a lion mark on an egg mean?

Answer 14

free of salmonella

Question 15

how is risk of communicability assessed?

Answer 15

• Severity of the disease
• Transmission of the disease:
  Mode/route
  Infective dose
  Infective period
• Susceptibility of the population

Question 16

what is an ‘outbreak’?

Answer 16

An outbreak exists when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area, or among a specific group of people, over a particular period of time

a single incidence might be managed as if it is an outbreak

Question 17

what is the threshold for NICE approving a treatment?

Answer 17

£20,000 / QALY

Question 18

how is a QALY calculated?

Answer 18

number of years of life x the quality of life (a number between 0 and 1)

Question 19

what is cost - effectivness analysis? pros and cons?

Answer 19

economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes of different options. does not assign monetary value to the measure of effect

is relatively easy to undertake and the benefits are measured as a single unidimensional outcome;

other potentially important outcomes may be ignored. This unidimensionality may result in drawing erroneous conclusions from CEA.

Question 20

what is cost - utility analysis? pros and cons?

Answer 20

a form of financial analysis used to guide decisions. measursed in QALYs

CUA measures more aspects of health and well-being than a single natural unit.

more complex than CEA.
different methods for calculating QALYs can give different results

Question 21

what is cost - benefit analysis? pros and cons?

Answer 21

benefits of a situation are summed and the cost of it is subtracted from that.

the only form of evaluation that addresses whether the benefits of an intervention exceed its costs.

hard to assign monetary value to health
very complex

Question 22

alzheimers is preventable T or F?

Answer 22

30% is preventable - no right answer classic PDS

Question 23

what are the 5 As of prevention medicine?

Answer 23

1. Ask
2. Assess
3. Advise/ Agree
4. Assist
5. Arrange