PDR FINALS Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a diagnostic error?
a) Administering the wrong medication to a patient
b) Leaving a surgical instrument inside a patient’s body
c) Misinterpreting test results and providing an incorrect diagnosis
d) Failing to obtain informed consent from a patient
c) Misinterpreting test results and providing an incorrect diagnosis
Patient quality refers to:
a) The level of patient satisfaction
b) The overall health status of the patient
c) The degree of patient-centered care
d) The efficiency of healthcare processes
b) The overall health status of the patient
How should a healthcare provider handle a patient’s emotional response to bad news?
A) Provide reassurance
B) Allow the patient to express their emotions
C) Change the subject
D) Tell the patient to remain calm
B) Allow the patient to express their emotions
What is the primary purpose of informed consent?
a) To protect the physician from legal liability
b) To ensure the patient understands the risks and benefits of a proposed treatment
c) To limit the patient’s autonomy in decision-making
d) To expedite the consent process
b) To ensure the patient understands the risks and benefits of a proposed treatment.
Which of the following is a key component of a culture of safety?
a) Blaming individuals for errors
b) Discouraging open communication
c) Encouraging reporting of near misses
d) Minimizing staff training
c) Encouraging reporting of near misses.
Which of the following is NOT a key element of medical professionalism?
a) Integrity
b) Compassion
c) Collaboration
d) Profitability
d) Profitability.
Which of the following is an appropriate way to conclude a conversation about bad news in Nhealthcare?
A) End the conversation quickly
B) Provide the patient with resources and support
C) Avoid discussing next steps
D) Tell the patient to come back another time
B) Provide the patient with resources and support.
How should healthcare professionals approach the emotional reactions of patients when
delivering bad news?
a) Disregard emotions and focus on facts
b) Minimize emotional expression to maintain professionalism
c) Acknowledge and validate their emotions
d) Distract the patient from their emotions
c) Acknowledge and validate their emotions.
Which of the following is an ethical principle that is central to medical professionalism?
a) Autonomy
b) Beneficence
c) Non-maleficence
d) All of the above
d) All of the above.
What is the appropriate course of action when a physician makes a medical error?
a) Cover up the error to protect the physician’s reputation
b) Apologize to the patient and disclose the error
c) Blame the error on other healthcare providers
d) Ignore the error and hope it goes unnoticed
b) Apologize to the patient and disclose the error.
Patient satisfaction surveys are commonly used to measure:
a) Patient outcomes
b) Patient quality
c) Patient compliance
d) Patient engagement
b) Patient quality.
Who was Hippocrates?
a. A Greek philosopher
b. A Greek physician
c. A Greek mathematician
d. A Greek politician
b. A Greek physician.
Why is it important for healthcare professionals to practice self-care when delivering bad news?
a) To detach emotionally from patients’ experiences
b) To minimize the time spent with patients
c) To cope with the emotional impact of delivering bad news
d) To avoid forming professional relationships with patients
c) To cope with the emotional impact of delivering bad news.
What is the most important goal when delivering bad news to a patient in healthcare?
A) To deliver the news quickly
B) To provide reassurance
C) To be honest and clear
D) To avoid upsetting the patient
C) To be honest and clear.
Who is credited with the invention of the stethoscope?
A) René Laennec
B) William Harvey
C) Andreas Vesalius
D) Galen
A) René Laennec.
Which of the following is an example of a breach of patient confidentiality?
a) Discussing a patient’s case with a healthcare team during rounds
b) Sharing patient information with other healthcare providers involved in the patient’s care
c) Discussing a patient’s case with their family member with their consent
d) Sharing patient information with friends at a social gathering
d) Sharing patient information with friends at a social gathering.
Which of the following is an example of a patient safety measure?
a) Hand hygiene compliance
b) Patient wait times
c) Physician communication skills
d) Patient satisfaction ratings
a) Hand hygiene compliance.
Which of the following is a principle of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. To avoid socializing with patients
b. To avoid all forms of deception
c. To seek personal gain through medical practice
d. To prioritize the needs of the physician over the needs of the patient.
b. To avoid all forms of deception.
Which of the following is an example of cultural competence in medical professionalism?
a) Understanding the dietary restrictions of patients with certain religious beliefs
b) Refusing to provide care to patients who do not speak English
c) Encouraging patients to abandon their cultural beliefs in order to receive optimal care
d) All of the above
.
a) Understanding the dietary restrictions of patients with certain religious beliefs is an example
of cultural competence in medical professionalism
What is the appropriate way to respond to questions and concerns from patients when
delivering bad news?
a) Provide generic responses to avoid discussing specifics
b) Ignore questions and redirect the conversation
c) Provide honest and empathetic responses
d) Discourage patients from asking questions to prevent anxiety
c) Provide honest and empathetic responses
The concept of handwashing to prevent the spread of disease was introduced by:
a) Ignaz Semmelweis
b) Louis Pasteur
c) Joseph Lister
d) Florence Nightingale
a) Ignaz Semmelweis
How can healthcare professionals facilitate patient understanding when delivering bad news?
a) Use complex medical terminology to ensure accuracy
b) Speak quickly to convey information efficiently
c) Use visual aids and simple language to enhance comprehension
d) Provide limited information to avoid overwhelming the patient
c) Use visual aids and simple language to enhance comprehension
Which model involves ongoing care and interaction between a patient and a primary care
physician or specialist over an extended period?
a) Longitudinal relationship
b) Acute care relationship
c) Shared care relationship
d) Preventive care relationship
a) Longitudinal relationship
Which of the following situations allows for disclosure of patient information without consent?
a) Treatment purposes
b) Public health reporting
c) Court orders
d) All of the above
d) All of the above. The situations mentioned in a), b), and
c) allow for disclosure of patient
information without consent.
Patient engagement refers to:
a) The patient’s level of involvement in their healthcare
b) The healthcare provider’s enthusiasm for treating patients
c) The patient’s ability to pay for healthcare services
d) The patient’s adherence to medical recommendations
a) The patient’s level of involvement in their healthcare.
What is medical professionalism?
a. A set of attributes, behaviors, and responsibilities that define the values and expectations of
healthcare professionals
b. A medical specialty that focuses on professional development for physicians
c. A set of ethical standards for medical research
d. The ability to diagnose and treat medical conditions with high accuracy
a. A set of attributes, behaviors, and responsibilities that define the values and expectations of
healthcare professionals
What is an appropriate way to follow up with a patient after delivering bad news in healthcare?
A) Wait for the patient to contact you
B) Schedule a follow-up appointment
C) Provide the patient with resources and support
D) All of the above
C) Provide the patient with resources and support.
In the consumer PDR model, the patient is viewed as:
a) An active participant in decision-making
b) A passive recipient of medical advice
c) An authority figure making decisions for the physician
d) A dependent individual relying on the physician’s expertise
a) An active participant in decision-making
In the informative model of PDR, the physician’s role is primarily to
a) Make decisions on behalf of the patient
b) Educate and guide the patient
c) Interpret the patient’s values and preferences
d) Engage in extensive dialogue with the patient
b) Educate and guide the patient.
Which ancient Greek physician is known for his work on anatomy and for writing the book “On the Nature of the Human Body”?
A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Aristotle
D) Herophilus
B) Galen
B) Galen
The PDR model that involves the physician providing all relevant medical information and the patient making decisions based on that information is called:
a) Paternalistic model
b) Informative model
c) Interpretive model
d) Deliberative model
b) Informative model
b) Informative model
Which model emphasizes understanding the patient’s unique context and tailoring medical recommendations accordingly?
a) Paternalistic model
b) Informative model
c) Interpretive model
d) Deliberative model
c) Interpretive model
Which of the following communication skills is crucial when delivering bad news?
a) Using technical jargon to convey information clearly
b) Rushing through the conversation to minimize discomfort
c) Providing honest and clear information
d) Avoiding eye contact to reduce patient distress
C) Providing honest and clear information is crucial when delivering bad news.
When can healthcare providers disclose patient information to a family member without consent?
a) When the patient is a minor
b) When the patient is incapacitated
c) When the patient has given permission
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a patient-centered outcome measure?
a) Hospital-acquired infection rate
b) Mortality rate
c) Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)
d) Physician productivity
c) Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)
Which of the following is an example of a conflict of interest in medical practice?
a) A physician referring a patient to a specialist for further evaluation
b) A physician accepting a gift from a pharmaceutical company in exchange for prescribing their
products
c) A physician attending a medical conference to learn about new treatments
d) A physician collaborating with colleagues on a research study
b) A physician accepting a gift from a pharmaceutical company in exchange for prescribing their
products is an example of a conflict of interest in medical practice.
Who is often referred to as the “Father of Medicine”?
a) Hippocrates
b) Galen
c) Paracelsus
d) Louis Pasteur
a) Hippocrates
The first successful vaccine, which protected against smallpox, was developed by:
a) Edward Jenner
b) Louis Pasteur
c) Jonas Salk
d) Robert Koch
a) Edward Jenner
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of healthcare professionals?
a) Continuing education and professional development
b) Providing care only to patients who can pay for it
c) Advocating for the health needs of individual patients and populations
d) Participating in quality improvement initiatives
b) Providing care only to patients who can pay for it
The ancient Egyptian medical text known as the “Ebers Papyrus” dates back to which period
a) Classical period
b) Renaissance period
c) Ancient Egyptian period
d) Medieval period
c) Ancient Egyptian period
What is a “never event” in healthcare?
a) An event that should never happen in a healthcare setting
b) An event that can be easily prevented by healthcare professionals
c) An event that is only applicable to surgical procedures
d) An event that occurs due to patient negligence
a) An event that should never happen in a healthcare setting
Which of the following is NOT an example of maintaining professional boundaries in healthcare?
a) Engaging in romantic or sexual relationships with patients
b) Accepting gifts from patients that exceed a nominal value
c) Sharing personal information with patients that is unrelated to their care
d) All of the above
D) All of the above.
D) All of the above.
Which of the following is an example of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM)
a) Blood pressure readings
b) Hospital readmission rates
c) Patient satisfaction scores
d) Pain intensity ratings
c) Patient satisfaction scores
Which model treats the patient as a consumer of healthcare services who makes autonomous choices?
a) Paternalistic model
b) Informative model
c) Consumer model
d) Deliberative model
c) Consumer model
What is the purpose of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. To provide guidelines for ethical behavior for physicians
b. To provide guidelines for medical treatments
c. To provide guidelines for patient care
d. To provide guidelines for medical education
a. To provide guidelines for ethical behavior for physicians
Which of the following statements is true about the Hippocratic Oath and confidentiality?
a. The Hippocratic Oath requires physicians to keep all patient information confidential.
b. The Hippocratic Oath allows physicians to disclose patient information in certain
circumstances.
c. The Hippocratic Oath is silent on the issue of patient confidentiality.
d. The Hippocratic Oath only requires physicians to keep medical information confidential.
a. The Hippocratic Oath requires physicians to keep all patient information confidential.
What is the minimum requirement for healthcare providers when obtaining patients’ consent for
information disclosure?
a) Verbal consent
b) Written consent
c) Implied consent
d) No consent is required
a) Verbal consent
Which of the following is a limitation of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. It is too specific and prescriptive.
b. It is too flexible and open to interpretation.
c. It does not address modern issues in medical ethics.
d. It is not enforceable by law.
c. It does not address modern issues in medical ethics.
What is an appropriate way to show empathy when delivering bad news to a patient in
healthcare?
A) Acknowledge the patient’s feelings
B) Interrupt the patient to provide reassurance
C) Change the subject
D) Avoid eye contact
A) Acknowledge the patient’s feelings
What is the importance of medical professionalism?
a. It ensures the highest level of patient care
b. It promotes trust and confidence in the healthcare system
c. It fosters collaboration and teamwork among healthcare professionals
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. To do no harm
b. To treat all patients equally
c. To respect patient confidentiality
d. To avoid intimate relations with patients
b. To treat all patients equally
What is the role of root cause analysis in addressing medical errors?
a) Identifying individuals to blame for the error
b) Determining the financial cost of the error
c) Identifying the underlying causes and implementing corrective actions
d) Assigning responsibility to the healthcare organization
c) Identifying the underlying causes and implementing corrective actions
Which of the following are common mistakes when delivering bad news to a patient in healthcare?
A) Using technical jargon
B) Providing too much information
C) Talking too slowly
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is not a potential consequence of improper disclosure of patient
information?
a) Legal penalties
b) Damage to patient-provider trust
c) Financial incentives for healthcare providers
d) Reputational harm
c) Financial incentives for healthcare providers
The term “patient-centered care” emphasizes:
a) The importance of medical advancements
b) The role of healthcare providers
c) The patient’s needs, preferences, and values
d) The cost of healthcare services
c) The patient’s needs, preferences, and values
Which of the following is an essential component of maintaining patient confidentiality?
a) Obtaining informed consent
b) Discussing patient cases with colleagues
c) Sharing patient information on social media
d) Storing patient records securely
d) Storing patient records securely
What should healthcare providers do in the event of a data breach?
a) Notify affected individuals
b) Report the breach to relevant authorities
c) Take corrective actions to prevent further breaches
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which of the following is an example of an ethical dilemma that healthcare professionals may face?
a) Deciding whether to disclose a patient’s confidential information to a family member
b) Determining the appropriate treatment plan for a patient with multiple chronic conditions
c) Managing the conflicting priorities of patient care and hospital administration
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
When was the Hippocratic Oath written?
a. In the 5th century BCE
b. In the 3rd century BCE
c. In the 1st century BCE
d. In the 1st century CE
a. In the 5th century BCE
What is the definition of adverse event in healthcare?
a) A medical error that results in patient harm
b) A common side effect of medication
c) A routine complication of surgery
d) A delay in patient care
a) A medical error that results in patient harm
The concept of “health literacy” refers to:
a) The ability to read medical textbooks
b) The patient’s understanding of healthcare information
c) The healthcare provider’s knowledge of medical terminology
d) The patient’s ability to exercise regularly
b) The patient’s understanding of healthcare information
The theory of the four humors, which influenced medical practices in ancient Greece and beyond, was proposed by:
a) Galen
b) Hippocrates
c) Aristotle
d) Paracelsus
b) Hippocrates
The discovery of insulin, a hormone used to treat diabetes, is associated with which scientists?
a) Frederick Banting and Charles Best
b) Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
c) James Watson and Francis Crick
d) Marie Curie and Pierre Curie
a) Frederick Banting and Charles Best
Which of the following is NOT a modern criticism of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. It is outdated and irrelevant to modern medical practice.
b. It is too vague and open to interpretation.
c. It is too strict and limits physician autonomy.
d. It is too focused on the physician-patient relationship and ignores other stakeholders
c. It is too strict and limits physician autonomy.
Which of the following is an example of professional behavior in medicine?
a) Refusing to see patients who have a history of non-compliance with treatment plans
b) Respecting the cultural beliefs and practices of patients
c) Billing patients for services that were not provided
d) Criticizing the competence of other healthcare professionals in front of patients
b) Respecting the cultural beliefs and practices of patients
Which of the following is the primary goal when delivering bad news in healthcare?
a) Minimize patient involvement
b) Maintain professional distance
c) Provide emotional support and empathy
d) Avoid discussing treatment options
c) Provide emotional support and empathy
When is it appropriate to deliver bad news to a patient via phone or email in healthcare?
A) When the news is not serious
B) When the patient requests it
C) When it is the only option
D) Never
C) When it is the only option
What should healthcare professionals do after delivering bad news?
a) Disregard the patient’s emotional state and proceed with the next task
b) Offer resources and support services to the patient and their family
c) Immediately discharge the patient to provide space for other patients
d) Avoid follow-up appointments to prevent further distress
b) Offer resources and support services to the patient and their family
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of medical professionalism?
a. Compassion
b. Accountability
c. Superiority
d. Integrity
c. Superiority
Which of the following is not a common type of medical error?
a) Medication errors
b) Surgical errors
c) Diagnostic errors
d) Administrative errors
d) Administrative errors
Who discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic?
a) Alexander Fleming
b) Louis Pasteur
c) Robert Koch
d) Edward Jenner
a) Alexander Fleming
Which of the following is NOT an example of professional development for healthcare
professionals?
a) Continuing education and training
b) Peer review and self-assessment
c) Participation in research studies
d) Refusing to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration with other healthcare professionals
d) Refusing to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration with other healthcare professionals
Patient outcomes are a key indicator of:
a) Patient satisfaction
b) Healthcare provider skills
c) Patient quality
d) Patient compliance
c) Patient quality
Which of the following is NOT an element of effective communication in medical
professionalism?
a) Empathy
b) Clarity
c) Confidentiality
d) Respect
c) Confidentiality
How should healthcare professionals address cultural and religious beliefs when delivering bad
news?
a) Disregard cultural and religious beliefs as they are not relevant
b) Encourage patients to abandon their beliefs for medical advice
c) Respect and consider cultural and religious beliefs in the conversation
d) Avoid discussing cultural and religious beliefs to prevent conflicts
c) Respect and consider cultural and religious beliefs in the conversation
What is the recommended strategy for delivering bad news effectively?
a) Deliver all information at once to avoid multiple conversations
b) Use euphemisms to soften the impact of the news
c) Gradually disclose information while assessing patient readiness
d) Delegate the responsibility to another healthcare professional
c) Gradually disclose information while assessing patient readiness
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. To refuse to perform abortions
b. To uphold patient confidentiality
c. To seek the help of other physicians when necessary
d. To always follow the instructions of the patient
d. To always follow the instructions of the patient
Why is it important to choose an appropriate setting for delivering bad news?
a) To ensure the patient is distracted
b) To maintain privacy and confidentiality
c) To limit the time spent on the conversation
d) To avoid involving family members
b) To maintain privacy and confidentiality
What does the acronym “QI” stand for in healthcare?
a) Quality Improvement
b) Quick Inspection
c) Quantitative Integration
d) Quality Index
a) Quality Improvement
Which of the following is an example of professional responsibility in healthcare?
a) Providing care to patients regardless of their ability to pay
b) Respecting the privacy and confidentiality of patients
c) Advocating for the health needs of patients and populations
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What is the appropriate response when a patient refuses a recommended treatment?
a) Persuade the patient to change their mind
b) Ignore the patient’s refusal and proceed with the treatment
c) Respect the patient’s autonomy and explore alternative options
d) Report the patient’s refusal to a higher authority
c) Respect the patient’s autonomy and explore alternative options
Which of the following is an appropriate way to handle a patient’s anger or denial in response to bad news in healthcare?
A) Argue with the patient
B) Provide the patient with resources and support
C) Ignore the patient’s emotions
D) Tell the patient they need to accept the news
B) Provide the patient with resources and support
What is the purpose of a safety checklist in surgery?
a) To ensure all necessary equipment is available
b) To verify patient identity
c) To prevent wrong-site surgeries
d) To expedite surgical procedures
c) To prevent wrong-site surgeries
The model that focuses on symptom management and emotional support during advanced illness or end-of-life care is called
a) Longitudinal relationship
b) Consultative relationship
c) Preventive care relationship
d) Palliative or end-of-life care relationship
d) Palliative or end-of-life care relationship
The interpretive model of the patient-doctor relationship emphasizes:
a) Shared decision-making
b) Physician’s authority in decision-making
c) Autonomy of the patient
d) Consumer-oriented approach
a) Shared decision-making
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) identifies six dimensions of healthcare quality. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
a) Equity
b) Efficiency
c) Accessibility
d) Empathy
d) Empathy
Which of the following is NOT a potential barrier to patient quality?
a) Limited access to healthcare services
b) Language barriers
c) Patient empowerment
d) Cultural differences
c) Patient empowerment
What is the most common cause of medication errors?
a) Incorrect dosage
b) Wrong medication administration
c) Prescription errors
d) Drug interactions
c) Prescription errors
The concept of “shared decision-making” involves:
a) The patient making decisions independently
b) The healthcare provider making decisions on behalf of the patient
c) Collaborative decision-making between the patient and healthcare provider
d) The patient seeking advice from multiple healthcare providers
c) Collaborative decision-making between the patient and healthcare provider
What is the primary goal of the Hippocratic Oath?
a) To promote evidence-based medicine
b) To ensure equal access to healthcare for all patients
c) To guide physicians in ethical decision-making and patient care
d) To establish a code of conduct for healthcare administrators
c) To guide physicians in ethical decision-making and patient care
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of patient quality?
a) Safety
b) Timeliness
c) Cost-effectiveness
d) Effectiveness
c) Cost-effectiveness
Which PDR model involves an extensive dialogue between the physician and patient, with a focus on the patient’s individual values and preferences?
a) Paternalistic model
b) Informative model
c) Interpretive model
d) Deliberative model
d) Deliberative model
Which patient-doctor model involves the physician making decisions on behalf of the patient without significant input from the patient?
a) Paternalistic model
b) Informative model
c) Interpretive model
d) Deliberative model
a) Paternalistic model
Which of the following statements is true about the Hippocratic Oath and euthanasia?
a. The Hippocratic Oath explicitly prohibits euthanasia.
b. The Hippocratic Oath allows for euthanasia in certain circumstances.
c. The Hippocratic Oath is silent on the issue of euthanasia.
d. The Hippocratic Oath only allows euthanasia in cases of terminal illness.
a. The Hippocratic Oath explicitly prohibits euthanasia.
Which of the following is an appropriate way to begin delivering bad news to a patient in healthcare?
A) “I have some bad news to tell you.”
B) “I’m sorry, but there’s nothing more we can do.”
C) “I know this isn’t what you wanted to hear, but…”
D) “Let’s talk about what your options are.”
D) “Let’s talk about what your options are.”
What is the primary purpose of healthcare information disclosure?
a) To protect patient privacy
b) To facilitate effective patient care
c) To comply with legal requirements
d) All of the above
b) To facilitate effective patient care
Which healthcare professionals are responsible for reporting medical errors?
a) Only doctors
b) Only nurses
c) Only pharmacists
d) All healthcare professionals
d) All healthcare professionals
Which of the following is an example of unprofessional behavior in medicine?
a. Failing to maintain patient confidentiality
b. Treating patients with empathy and respect
c. Consulting with colleagues to develop treatment plans
d. Providing patients with evidence-based information about their health conditions
a. Failing to maintain patient confidentiality
In which situation is it acceptable for a physician to engage in a romantic relationship with a
patient?
a) When the patient initiates the relationship
b) When the physician and patient are of similar age
c) When the physician and patient are not in a therapeutic relationship
d) It is never acceptable to engage in a romantic relationship with a patient
d) It is never acceptable to engage in a romantic relationship with a patient
Which of the following is a key principle of patient safety?
a) Effective communication
b) Cost reduction
c) Rapid treatment
d) Minimal documentation
a) Effective communication
Which of the following is a common modern variation of the Hippocratic Oath?
a. The Declaration of Geneva
b. The Nuremberg Code
c. The Belmont Report
d. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
a. The Declaration of Geneva
Which of the following is an important factor to consider when delivering bad news to a patient in healthcare?
A) Tone of voice
B) Timing
C) Setting
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a never event?
a) Patient falls
b) Medication error
c) Hospital-acquired infection
d) Wrong-site surgery
d) Wrong-site surgery
Which of the following statements is true about the Hippocratic Oath?
a. It is still used today by all physicians.
b. It is no longer used by physicians.
c. It has been modified over time.
d. It has remained unchanged since it was written
c. It has been modified over time.
Which of the following statements is true about the Hippocratic Oath?
a. It is still used today by all physicians.
b. It is no longer used by physicians.
c. It has been modified over time.
d. It has remained unchanged since it was written
c. It has been modified over time.
