pdhpe revsion Flashcards
to know pe
What is the definition of health according to WHO
‘a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’
what are the dimensions of health
mental, physical, spirtual, emotinal and social
The relative nature of health refers to:
The use of others to compare health status of a particular person e.g an elite sportsplayer compared to your friend who runs once a week.
The dynamic nature of health refers to:
refers to the fact that the health status of anyone is continually changing and can chnage dramatically with little notice. eg. yesterday you were well today a dramatic event occured and you are ill.
the impact of media on our perception of health
- weight loss shows encourage dangerous eating habits/healthy eating habits (explicit)
- photoshop & happy actors/tv show characters is less direct (implicit)
the impact of peers on our perception of health
positive: a group of friends who go running together & eat healthy food
negative: a group of friends who smoke and drink frequently.
The impact of family on your perception of health
Arguably the larget impact as the opinion of parents often outway a medical professional there are positive and negative examples.
question: how do media, family & peers impact peoples perception of health (6 marks) Intro, explain media and what it does, positive example & negative example) do with family and peers
list 3 positive health stats of young people
- 90% of young people rate their own health as good
- 98% of young people do not smoke or drink dangeroulsy
- 95% of young people are positive about their future.
A protective behavoiur is
are those that are likeley to enhance good health e,g eating the right amount of fruit and veg
a risk behaviour is
are behaviours that have been found to contribute to poorer health e.g smoking and drinking.
list 3 negative health stats of young people
- 19% of young australians have serious mental health problems
- 35% of young people are obese of overweight
- only 2/3 of young people use protection
List the determinants of health (invididual factors)
what influences the health of inviducals
knowlegde, skills, attitudes, genetics
health literacy: knowledge
List the determinants of health (sociocultural factors)
family, peers media, religion, culture
List the determinants of health (socioeconomic factors)
employment, income, education
List the determinants of health (environmental factors)
geographical location, access to technology, access to health services
What is a non modifible determinant
Determinants which cannot be changed or altered eg. genetics
What is a modifable determiant?
Determinants which can be chaged and altered e.g.health knowlegde skills
How can individuals modify the determinants which they have control over?
- have a positive attitude towards healths
- inceease health literacy
- engage with protective behaviours
An example of the interrelationship between determinants
E.g.Your geographical location can limit or increase access to employment and education oppurtunities.
Is health a result of individual choice only?
No, Health is constructed by Society.
What is health promotion?
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health (WHO).
describe the role which individuals have for health promotion & e.g:
At the most basic level individuals have the responsibility of their own health and must take protective behaviours
e.g. attending health classes to become more educated about thier own health.
a gp is responsible to promote health within their practice
describe the role which community/schools have for health promotion & e.g:
schools are responsbile for promoiting health through pe programs to assist young people with health knowledge e.g sun safe polices promote sun saftey within school.
comminuty groups are often very effective at health promotion e.g community health centres which host AA groups.
describe the role which non government organisations have for health promotion & e.g:
non government are non - profit and focus on specific issues e.g cancer council often spreads messages of sun and smoking saftey and quitlines.
describe the role which the federal government have for health promotion & e.g:
federal: responsible for planning tax on tabacco & alcohol to reduce it’s use, introduce legisaltion to ensure health maintenance, provide funding to hospitals.
describe the role which state governments have for health promotion & e.g:
state: deliver and spread health promotion and disease prevention, manage staffing including teachers and nurses, build and maintain raods, establish min. drinking age laws
describe the role which local governments have for health promotion & e.g:
Local: creating positive environments to support positive health behaviours, construction and repair of roads & community maintance of services.
describe the role which international organisations have for health promotion & e.g:
WHO: responsible for providing leadership of serious health issues, providing statistics to improve health issues. UN: develop peace and good social relationships between nations.
explain what a lifestyle/behaviorual approach in realtion to health promotion approches and strategies.
based on the premise that the major causes of morbidity and morality within australia are diseases resulting in poor lifestyle choices e.g. close the gap campaign, road safety campaigns, health warnings on cigarette packs.
explain what a preventative medical approach isin realtion to health promotion approches and strategies.
involve approaches that use drugs and technology to help prevent health issues e.g. vaccines, skin cancer checks, mammograms.
“prevention rather than curation”
primary: prevent e.g vaccinations, secondary: reduce likelehood of development: monitoring blood pressure, teriary: prevent chronic health: ashma managemnet plan
explain what a public health approach is in realtion to health promotion approches and strategies.
invlove promoting health at schools and workplaces aiming to address the underlying social and environmental determinants contributing to poor health e.g. healthy canteen food, pivot surveys.
what are the 5 points inside the Ottawa Health Charter used as an effective health promotion framework.
D: developing personal skills
C: creating supportive environments
S: strengthening community action
R: reorientating health services
B: building public health policy
Dead, Cats, Smell, Really, Bad
Developing personal skills meaning:
this action aims at improving the knowledge & skills of indivduals, includes developing health literacy. e.g. driver school, educating girls on breast exams, tv programs on health.
Creating supportive environments meaning:
this action area aims to improve a persons environment to therefore imrpove their health. e.g. clean up australia, healthy canteens, recreational facilities.
Strengthening community actions meaning:
this action aims to empower communities to identify their own health issues and priotise their own health issues. e.g. driver reviver programs, AA meetings, RUOK day events.
Reorientating health services meaning:
this action aims to put into action “preventative rather then curative”. e.g GPs filled with quit smoking posters, police working with schools to address drinking and driving, free mammograms for 50 -75 year old women.
Building public health policy meaning:
this action aims to implement legislation to improve health for all communities and indivduals across a country. e.g. compulsory seatbelt wearing, air bags introduced, complusory pdhpe teaching in schools.
What are the 3 main principles of social justice
Equity, Diversity & Supportive Environments
example of Equity
The close the gap program recognises equity
example of Diversity
making health information avaliable in different languages
example of supportive environments
national raod saftey strategy 2023 - 2030 includes school zones, raod improvements and speed cameras to reduce road deaths.
Where is the Clavicle, joint connection and it’s role
Clavicle is the collar bone,
attaches to vertabrae and sholder joint
gives mobility to shoulder joint when throwing a baseball
Where is the Scapula, joint connection and it’s role
Scapula is the shoulder blade
connects to trunk part of skeleton
assists in movement of shoulder
Where is the Humerus, joint connection and it’s role
Humerus is long bone which connects shoulder to elbow
helps in mobility for bowling in cricket
Where is the Radius, joint connection and it’s role
Raduis is on the thumb side of the forearm works with Ulna
used during freestyle swimming
Where is the Ulna, joint connection and it’s role
Ulna found next to the Raduis on the pinky side
used for the same freestyle movements at Raduis
Where are the Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges, joint connection and it’s role
Carpals, metacarpals and phlanges are the bones of the wrist and fingers
Carpals are short & Meta Carpals are long
Used when catching a ball & holding a bat
Where is the Femur, joint connection and it’s role
Femur is the thighbone & strongest in the body
connects from pelvic gurdle to the shin/tibia
allows movements such as running and kicking.
Where is the Patella, joint connection and it’s role
Patella is the kneecap
connects to femur and tibia
allows flexion and extension of the leg.
Where is the Tibia, joint connection and it’s role
Tibia is the shinbone, is the larger of the 2 bones forming the lower leg alongside the Fibula
allows running and kicking
Where is the Fibula, joint connection and it’s role
The Fibula is the bone which works beside the Tibia to form the lower part of the leg
allows stability to lower leg and roatation from the knee joint.
Where are the Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges, joint connection and it’s role
Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges comprise the bones of the foot, tarsals are short, metatarsals are long as well as phalanges.
allow for hopping and kicking.
What is a synovial joint?
A joint which is freely moveable and allows maximum movement
List 3 types of synovial joints
Ball and socket joint (shoulder), Hinger joint (elbow), gliding joint (vertebrae).
What is flexion
a decrease in the angle that occurs at a joint (pulling the elbow towards the body)
What is extension
An increase in the angle which occurs at a joint (pulling the elbow away from the body)
What is abduction & adduction
abduction: movement away from the midline of the body, adduction: movement towards the midline of the body
what is the structure of a synovial joint
bone, aticular capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, synvovial fluid in between bones.
what 2 ways does movement occur? in ralation to the muscular system?
contracting (agonist) and lengthening muslces (antagonist) work together
what is isotonice concentric contracting
shortening of the muscle
what is isoctonic eccentric contraction
lengthening of the muscle
Isometric contraction
muscle length stays the same
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what is the respiration definition?
Is the process by which the body takes in oxygen & removes carbon dioxide
the structure and function of the respiratory system?
NOSE AND MOUTH breathe in, air goes through the PHARYNX, through the TRACHEA divides into BRONCHUS leading to the left and right LUNGS, inside the lungs many BRONCHIOLES, inside them are many ALVEOLI which exchange the oxygen for carbondioxide
What is Inspriation and Expiration
Inspiration: the process of breathing in
Expiration: the process of breathing out.
explain the process of gas exchange
gas exchange occurs between ALVEOLI and BLOOD IN CAPILLARIES, (substance moves from high conentration to low concentration). ALVEOLI HAVE HIGH OXYGEN, CAPILLARIES HAVE LOW OXYGEN, thus oxgyen is given to capillaries for circulation and carbon dioxide is given to alveoli for expiration.
what is the effect of physical activity on respiration?
once exercise starts, the rate and depth of breathing increase rapidly therefore more oxgyen in needed and carbon dioxide must be exhaled.
what are the 4 compnents of blood and their main roles?
red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (protect againts infection), plasma (carries nutrients & protiens), platelets (clotts the blood).
what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
upper: right & left atria
lower: right & left ventricles
what do arteries do?
- carry blood AWAY from heart as they are OXYGEN RICH and deliver oxygen to parts of the body
aorta is the largest artery of the body
what do arterioles do?
arterioles are smaller arteries which reach other parts of the body.
what do capillaries do?
- the smallest of blood vessels broken off from arterioles
- exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide
what do veins do?
- veins carry DEOXYGENATED BLOOD back TOWARDS the heart
what is pulmonary circulation
pulmonary circulation includes the right side of the heart through the right ventricle to pulmonary arteies and through the LUNGS and then the pulmonary viens
what is Systemic circulation
Systematic circulation is the proccess on the left side of the heart to the aorta and the BODY TISSUES through the vena cava.
THE CIRCULATION OF THE HEART:
deoxgenated blood - pulmonary arteries through the LUNGS to be oxgyenated and into the pulmonary viens to left atruim to left ventricle to the aorta and spread through teh BODY TISSUES now it is deoxgynated again and goes through the vena cava through the right atrium and then right ventricle back to the pulmonary arteries
what is blood pressure measured with & does blood pressure increase with exercise
a sphygmomanometer and Yes
what does blood pressure measure?
measure the pressure exerted by the blood onto the artery walls while being pumped around the body.
List the health related components of physical fitness
cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition
What is cardiorespiratory endurance in relation to health related components of physical fitness and give e.g.
is important in aerobic activity
ability of muscles to use oxgyen during exercise (anaerobic & aerobic) e.g. beep test
What is muscular strength in relation to health related components of physical fitness and give e.g
musculer strength inproves performance and reduces risk of injury
the ability of the body to exert force in one maximal effort. e.g. grip dynamometer test
What is aerobic and anaerobic?
aerobic: with oxgyen e.g. swimming
anaeroibic: without oxygen e.g.100m sprint
What is muscular endurance in relation to health related components of physical fitness and give e.g.
msucular endurance is important in activities where the same muscle grou
ability of muscles to endure physical work for extended periods of time without undue fatigue e.g. 1 min sit up test
What is felxibility in relation to health related components of physical fitness and give e.g.
is the range of motion about a joint or the ease of joint movement e.g. sit and reach test
do the health related components of fitness impact movement efficieny and performance?
Yes, greater/better ability in the HRCOF can positivley impact one’s performnace and movement efficiency.
What is body composition in relation to health related components of physical fitness and give e.g.
refes to teh & of fat as opposed to lean body mass in a human being e.g. skinfolds test
List the skill related components of phsyical fitness
power, speed, agility, coordination, balance and reaction time
what is power in relation to skill related components of physical fitness and e.g
ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive action e,g, vertical jump test
what is speed in relation to skill related components of physical fitness and e.g
the quickness of movement and the speed covered compared to the time taken e.g. 50m sprint test
what is agility in relation to skill related components of physical fitness and e.g
ability to move the body from one position and direction to another with speed and precision e.g. Illnois agility test
what is cooridnation in relation to skill related components of physical fitness and e.g
ability to intergrate body movement with different senses. e.g. hand wall toss test
what is balance in relation to skill related components of physical fitness and e.g
ability to maintain equilibrium. e.g. static balance test
what is reaction time in relation to skill related components of physical fitness and e.g
is the time taken to respond to a stimulus e.g. ruler drop test
What does FITT principle stand for and what it FITT pirnciple?
F: frequency (repeat how much)
I: intensity (how intense)
T: time (how long for)
T: type (what kind of exercise)
fitt principle is intergral training program for elite athletes
The fitt principle for aerobic training
F: min 3x a week
I: 60 - 85% of MHR
T: min 20 minutes
T: continous exercise e.g. swimming
how to calculate your target heart rate
220 - age
FITT principle for anaerobic training
F: 1-2 times a week
I: 85 - 100% of MHR
T: 10 - 20 mins
T: anaerobic training little oxygen
list the immediate physiological responses to training
heart reate, ventilation rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, lactate levels
What is heart rate and does it increase with exercise?
heart rate is the amount of times your heart beats each minute, heart rate increaase with exercise: working heart rate.
What is ventilation rate and does it increase with exercise?
ventilation rate is the amount of breaths taken in one minute, ventilation rate increases as exercise starts
What is stroke volume and does it increase with exercise?
stroke volume is the amount of blood which is pumped by the heart each beat measured in ml, as intensity increases there is less change in stroke volume and a fitter person will have a greater stroke volume.
What is cardiac output and does it increase with exercise?
cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute expressed at litres per minute, if stroke volume and heart rate increase due to exercise then so does cardiac output
calcuated by cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is lactate levels and does it increase with exercise?
lactate levels are the amount of lactic acid in your blood , lactate levels rise rapidly due to exercise above the LIP (lactate inflection point).
List the 3 types of motion
Linear, angular and general
what is displacement
displacement is the distance from the start point and the finish point as short as possible.
list the principles of motion which scientists try and improve when it comes to movement and performance context
velocity, speed, acceleration, momentum
what is balance and what is stability?
balance: control body without movement
stability: control body whilst moving
where is the centre of gravity for an average human
at the centre of their body centre of the pelvis
what is the line of gravity
it is the direction/vertical line that gravity is acting upon the person or object.
what is the base of support
the area around the body touching the ground usually e.g. base of support for a suufer is surfboard, rugby player is ground field.
what is drag force?
drag force is the resistance that acts against a body as it moves through water/air parralell to the flow
example of how drag force is reduced through modification
bikers lower their heads and use thin tires to reduce air resistance and move easier.
streamlined in swimming to glide through water easier.
