PDHPE core 1 Flashcards
definition of epidemiology
Study patterns and causes of disease and illness within a given pop…. Used to create/ Measures health status of a Popn.
How does epidemiology help us
DETERMINES HOW FIUNDING WILL BE USED . This study improves health as this data enables decisions about health issues to be based on evidence.
Creates health status image - enabling them to analysis how health services are used \
3 — what it shows
- Identifies prevalence and incidence
- Patterns
- Measures which may reduce disease occurrence
- Health status
Who uses epi
Researches, govt (allocate funding), health department officials and medical practitioners = to identify health priority issues
Does it measure everything
Effective to see health status
1. Doesn’t acc for health determinants
2. Doesn’t say how disease has impacted quality of life
Hence it is difficult to measure (+ mental health is too)
3. Fail to explain why inequities persist and hence variation in pop sub groups
4. Comorbidity - what all contributes
5. Varying reliability
Methods of data collection
ABS, road and traffic authorities, workplace safety Australia, Australian national heart foundation
Prevalence
No, of ppl in a popn. W a disease
Incidence
No or proportion of new cases arising in a popn. Within.a given period.
Measures of epidemiology — 4 health indicators that determine health status.
- Morbidity —> disease or disability rates in a pop
- Mortality —> no. Of people died in a given year
- Infant mortality —> death rates for under 1y.o.
- Life expectancy —> avg. no. Of years person is expected to live.
Priority health issue
Improve for country to focus on to improve health of aussies. When determining priority health issue we consider epidemiology and spppc
To identify priority health issue
Space People Pooped Pickles Consistently
- Social justice principles
- Priority population groups
- Prevalence of a condition
- Potential for prevention and intervention
- Cost to individuals and community
Social justice principle -
Principles which promote equity, diversity & supportive
“Decrease inequity
Promote inclusiveness of diversity
Establish environment that is supportive of all population”
Example - Medicare and PBS
Medicare
Public healthcare for all Australians provided at no or little cost to individuals under Medicare insurance.
Medicare safety net
Predetermined amount of money set by AU GOVT. for which med expenses are subsidies once an individual or family have incurred medical costs
Equity
Resources allocated according to individual needs, with the desired goal of equality of outcomes. Hence priority pop groups receive more funding than others eg. ATSI
Diversity
Australia is a multicultural country, hence needs measures in place to ensure each pop group within our diversity has access to healthcare. And hence achieve good health outcomes
Eg. brochures in diff languages + interpreters
= promote inclusiveness
Diversity of pop means — also low ses needs
Supportive environments
Environments where people live, work and play that protect from threats + increase ability to make health promo choices.
Eg. illegal to smoke in dining areas, at swimming pools
Priority pop groups
Groups achieving significantly poorer health outcomes, experiencing health inequities (determinants of health) Eg. ATSO= Cultural Rural =limited access bc environment Elderly = age based Low SES= economically
Cute overview
Though epidemiological data + priority health issues govt identifies these groups that need extra resources to remove gap in health outcomes —> implementation of social justice principles eg. Ppl should get equitable health —> health promotion strategies put in place.
RFDS and 3 ways it increases health outcomes
Social justice example
Developed to increase health outcomes for rural and remote populations who have limited access to health facilities. Service aims to increase access to health services and H education through:
1. Aeromedical health services - Drs go in small planes to help
2. Doctor and med practitioner incentive programs - encourage to work in remote areas and then return to regular place of residency
= aims to increase access
3. Develop culturally diverse health services - trained doctors in this service under stand the specific needs of the populations.
Prevalence of a condition
Used to see how many people affected.
Higher prevalence = greater health issue = pri. Issue
Eg. cancer, CVD
This is then identified as a priority health issue
.. burden of disease
Burden of a disease
Estimated impact of disease on individual and community
Potential for prevention and early intervention
When priority health issue is identified, it is essential that there is potential for prevention and early intervention.
- some issues more prevalent than others
Hence, for long term - those resources can be used elsewhere (on other issues).
- most health issues are caused by modifiable risk factors
Hence thru early I and prev. The burden of the disease can be lowered.
Early intervention
Strategies enable
