PDHPE

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why health inequities exist in certain communities?
a) The community lacks awareness of health issues.
b) The community faces systemic barriers to resources.
c) Everyone in the community has equal access to services.
d) Health inequities are natural and unavoidable.

Answer 1

b) The community faces systemic barriers to resources.

Question 2

How does geography affect health outcomes in disadvantaged areas?
a) Geographic isolation guarantees better healthcare services.
b) Urban areas always receive worse healthcare than rural areas.
c) Remote regions may have limited access to medical facilities.
d) Geographic location does not affect health outcomes.

Answer 2

c) Remote regions may have limited access to medical facilities.

Question 3

What is a major impact of racism on health inequities?
a) Racism increases equality in healthcare systems.
b) It leads to stress and unequal access to services.
c) It prevents discrimination in employment.
d) Racism always affects education more than health.

Answer 3

b) It leads to stress and unequal access to services.

Question 4

Why is cultural diversity sometimes a challenge in healthcare settings?
a) It prevents patients from receiving services.
b) It can create misunderstandings or language barriers.
c) It always leads to better treatment options.
d) It has no impact on healthcare.

Answer 4

b) It can create misunderstandings or language barriers.

Question 5

What is the difference between inequity and inequality?
a) Inequity focuses on unfair differences, while inequality measures natural differences.
b) Inequity refers to the same opportunities for everyone, while inequality does not.
c) Inequity is measurable, while inequality is not.
d) Inequity always leads to positive changes in society.

Answer 5

a) Inequity focuses on unfair differences, while inequality measures natural differences.

Question 6

Which situation is an example of health inequity?
a) Two communities have different rates of illness due to unequal healthcare access.
b) All individuals in a city can visit the same healthcare providers.
c) A country ensures equal pay for medical professionals.
d) Everyone receives the same public health message.

Answer 6

a) Two communities have different rates of illness due to unequal healthcare access.

Question 7

Why is social injustice considered harmful to a society?
a) It strengthens individual responsibility for health.
b) It creates barriers for specific groups to access equal rights.
c) It promotes fairness in education and healthcare.
d) It ensures everyone has the same opportunities.

Answer 7

b) It creates barriers for specific groups to access equal rights.

Question 8

Which factor most strongly contributes to systemic social injustice?
a) Consistent access to education for all groups.
b) Laws that reduce discrimination.
c) Institutionalized discrimination and bias.
d) Equitable housing policies.

Answer 8

c) Institutionalized discrimination and bias.

Question 9

How does unequal access to housing relate to social injustice?
a) It limits educational opportunities for specific groups.
b) It guarantees better housing for wealthier individuals.
c) It perpetuates economic and social inequality.
d) It creates more opportunities for underprivileged groups.

Answer 9

c) It perpetuates economic and social inequality.

Question 10

What is a key role of cultural diversity in society?
a) To reduce the number of differing perspectives.
b) To create shared traditions across all groups.
c) To enrich communities with a variety of beliefs and values.
d) To enforce uniform cultural practices.

Answer 10

c) To enrich communities with a variety of beliefs and values.

Question 11

How does linguistic diversity strengthen communities?
a) By encouraging everyone to speak the same language.
b) By reflecting different cultural identities and ways of thinking.
c) By reducing the need for diverse cultural knowledge.
d) By eliminating the differences between communities.

Answer 11

b) By reflecting different cultural identities and ways of thinking.

Question 12

In what way can age diversity benefit a group?
a) It separates people into opposing groups.
b) It allows for the exchange of varied experiences and ideas.
c) It prevents younger individuals from engaging in leadership roles.
d) It eliminates generational differences.

Answer 12

b) It allows for the exchange of varied experiences and ideas.

Question 13

What does socioeconomic diversity reveal about a community?
a) That everyone in the community has the same economic opportunities.
b) Differences in access to resources, leading to unique perspectives.
c) It creates equal financial opportunities for all groups.
d) That socioeconomic diversity reduces inequality.

Answer 13

b) Differences in access to resources, leading to unique perspectives.

Question 14

Why is disability an important factor in understanding diversity?
a) It limits opportunities for individuals to engage in society.
b) It ensures all individuals have the same abilities.
c) It highlights the need for inclusive practices and perspectives.
d) It prevents full inclusion in diverse environments.

Answer 14

c) It highlights the need for inclusive practices and perspectives.

Question 15

What is one reason cultural traditions add to diversity?
a) They eliminate differences between communities.
b) They reflect shared practices across all groups.
c) They showcase unique values, beliefs, and practices.
d) They prevent misunderstandings in diverse settings.

Answer 15

c) They showcase unique values, beliefs, and practices.

Question 16

Explain how socioeconomic status can influence health inequities.

Answer 16

Socioeconomic status affects health inequities by limiting access to essential resources such as nutritious food, quality healthcare, and safe housing. Lower income levels can also reduce educational opportunities, leading to a lack of health awareness and poorer health outcomes.

Question 17

Describe the difference between inequality and inequity in your own words.

Answer 17

Inequality refers to measurable differences between groups, such as income or education levels. Inequity emphasizes the unfair and preventable nature of these differences, focusing on social or systemic factors that create disadvantages.

Question 18

Why is cultural diversity important in a community? Provide at least one example.

Answer 18

Cultural diversity is important because it enriches a community with different traditions, perspectives, and ideas. For example, celebrating various cultural festivals can promote understanding and respect among different groups.

Question 19

How does social injustice impact access to healthcare and education?

Answer 19

Social injustice creates systemic barriers that prevent certain groups from accessing
healthcare and education, such as discrimination, lack of resources in underprivileged areas, and policies that favour certain populations over others.

Question 20

List three factors that contribute to diversity and explain how each one adds
value to a society.

Answer 20

 Cultural background: Brings unique traditions and perspectives, fostering creativity
and understanding.
 Age: Offers varied experiences and ideas that benefit decision-making and leadership.
 Language: Encourages communication in different ways and reflects the identities of
diverse groups, strengthening cultural expression.

Question 21

What is the definition of inequity?

Answer 21

Inequity refers to unfair or unjust differences between
people or groups in access to resources, opportunities, or
outcomes. It emphasizes the preventable and unfair nature of
these differences.

Question 22

What is the definition of social injustice?

Answer 22

Social injustice occurs when there is unequal access to
resources, opportunities, and rights, leading to systemic
discrimination and marginalization of certain groups. Examples include healthcare, education, employment, and housing.

Question 23

What are the three main types of drugs and what do they do?

Answer 23

Depressants – slow down the function of the central nervous system
Hallucinogens – affect your senses and change the way you see, hear, taste, smell or feel things.
Stimulants – speed up the function of the central nervous system.

Question 24

What are some short term and long term effects of alcohol and cigarettes?

Answer 24

Some short-term effects of alcohol include hangover and alcohol poisoning, as well as falls and accidents, conflict, lowered inhibitions and risky behaviours.
Some of the most common alcohol-related harms include:
road and other accidents
domestic and public violence
crime
family breakdown
social dysfunction
cardiovascular disease
cancers, including of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectum and female breast
diabetes
nutrition-related conditions, such as folate deficiency and malnutrition
overweight and obesity
risks to unborn babies
liver diseases
mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, and interference with antidepressant medication
alcohol tolerance and alcohol dependence or addiction
long-term cognitive impairment
self-harm (suicide).

Some short term affects of smoking are:
Bad breath
Fatigue and a decrease in energy
Reduction in the senses of taste and smell
Coughing
Shortness of breath

The aspects of smoking that affects you in the long run are:
Nicotine narrows your veins and arteries. This can damage your heart by forcing it to work faster and harder, slow your blood and reduce oxygen to your feet and hands.
Carbon monoxide deprives your heart of the oxygen it needs to pump blood around your body. Over time, your airways swell up and let less air into your lungs.
Tar is a sticky substance that coats your lungs like soot in a chimney. This damages your lungs and is known to cause lung disease, which can make it harder to breathe.
Phenols paralyse and kill the hair-like cells in your airways. These means the cells cannot sweep clean the lining of your airways and protect you against infections.
Tiny particles in tobacco smoke irritate your throat and lungs and cause ‘smoker’s cough’. This makes you produce more mucus and damages lung tissue.
Ammonia and formaldehyde irritate your eyes, nose and throat.
Cancer-causing chemicals make your cells grow too fast or abnormally- which can result in cancer cells. Smoking is known to cause at least 16 types of cancer.

Question 25

What is the definition of binge drinking and risks?

Answer 25

Binge drinking is when you drink a lot of alcohol in one session to get drunk.
Short-term effects of binge drinking are:
feeling sick
vomiting
feeling shaky
having a hangover the next day

Long-term effects of binge drinking can include:
problems at school, at work and with relationships risk of emotional and mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety physical and psychological dependence on alcohol health effects, such as damage to your brain or liver and an increased risk of cancer

Question 26

How does alcohol affect a teenagers brain and decision making?

Answer 26

Early drinking alcohol can make it even more difficult to control impulses and make healthy choices. In both adolescents and adults, drinking also compromises the ability to sense danger by disrupting the function of a brain region called the amygdala

More ways that teenage drinking affects them is through:
Decision making, impulse control and personality.
Alcohol slows down the brain and makes it harder to make good decisions, concentrate, and control impulses.
Memory, learning, emotional regulation
Young people are more likely to have memory blackouts, where they can’t remember what happened while they were drinking.
Movement, balance, coordination
This is why accidents and injury are common when young people drink alcohol.

Question 27

What are Macro and Micro nutrients?

Answer 27

Macronutrients are the nutrients we need in larger quantities that provide us with energy: in other words, fat, protein and carbohydrate. Micronutrients are mostly vitamins and minerals, and are equally important but consumed in very small amounts.

Question 28

What are the dietary guidelines?

Answer 28

The Australian Dietary Guidelines offer an approach to eating – outlining the types of foods, food groups and dietary patterns – to promote health and wellbeing and reduce the risk of diet-related conditions and chronic diseases.

The 5 Australian Dietary Guidelines are.
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups (vegetables, fruit, grains/cereals, meat/alternatives and dairy/alternatives) every day. And drink plenty of water.
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.

Question 29

What are Australia Australia Guide to Healthy Eating Food groups?

Answer 29

The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Food groups have information about the types and amounts of foods, food groups and dietary patterns

(link to the guide lol) https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-09/n55_agthe_large.jpg

Question 30

How to read a food label?

Answer 30

The label on a packaged food will tell you:

the name and brand of the product
what ingredients it contains (listed in order from largest to smallest by weight) — this includes a list of food additives and information for people with food allergies
nutrition information (such as average amount of energy, fat, protein, sugars and salt) percentage labelling (how much of the main ingredients it contains, so you can compare it to other products)
use-by or best-before date and directions for use and storage
details of the manufacturer and the country where the food was produced
how much it weighs

The nutrition information panel tells you the size of a standard serving of the product, and which nutrients are included in that serving. You can use the label to compare the product with what’s in similar packaged foods.

Look out for information about:

Energy: A kilojoule is a measure of energy. To lose weight, you need to eat and drink fewer kilojoules (kJ) than you use. You should limit your intake of discretionary or junk foods — for example, those that have more than 600kJ per serve.
Protein: Protein is found in meat, poultry, dairy, fish, eggs, beans, soy, nuts and seeds. Protein is important for growth and has the same amount of kilojoules as carbohydrates.
Fat (total): Fat is higher in kilojoules than other nutrients, so you should limit the total amount you eat.
Saturated fat: There are different types of fats. Saturated fats are linked to a higher risk of heart disease and high blood cholesterol, so it is especially important to choose foods low in saturated fat.
Carbohydrate (total): Carbohydrates are found in all fruit and vegetables, all breads and grain products, and sugar and sugary foods. You need carbohydrates for energy.
Sugar: Sugar is a type of carbohydrate. It is better to choose healthier carbohydrates and to limit foods that are high in added sugars.
Healthy carbohydrates: Healthier carbohydrates are those that are not process, or minimally processed such as whole grains, lentils and beans. As well as carbohydrates, these foods also give you fibre, vitamins and minerals.
Fibre: High fibre foods such as wholegrain bread and cereals improve digestion and help you to feel full.
Sodium: This tells you how much salt the product contains. Eating too much salt is linked to high blood pressure and can lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney disease.

(link to example food label lol)

https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/inline/original/eat-for-health_food-label-example-6166c4.jpg

Question 31

What are some causes of health inequity?

Answer 31

Some causes include:
racism, which distributes more power and resources to one race over another, typically meaning that historically marginalized racial or ethnic groups — such as Black, Indigenous, Latinx, Asian, and Pacific Islander people — receive fewer resources
sexism, which privileges one gender over another, meaning that in most cases, men have more privileges than women and other gender identities
classism, which gives unfair advantage to those with wealth and social status and disadvantages those with less
xenophobia, which gives non-immigrants more power and rights than immigrants
heterosexism, which privileges heterosexuality over other sexual orientations
ableism, which values able-bodied people and devalues people with mental or physical disabilities

Question 32

What is the definition of inequity?

Answer 32

The meaning of ‘inequity’ can be described as the lack of fairness or justice.

Question 33

What is the definition of Social Justice?

Answer 33

The definition of ‘social justice’ can be described as justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.

Question 34

What are some factors that add to diversity?

Answer 34

Some factors that could add to diversity are:
Race and ethnicity
Gender
Sexual orientation
Age
Physical abilities and disabilities
Cultural background
Socioeconomic status
Religious and spiritual beliefs
Geographic location
Language, linguistics and Accents
Income
Education