PDHPE Flashcards
The nature of young people’s lives.
What do we mean by ‘young people’?
-Young people are considered to be those individuals aged between 12-24 years old.
-Between these ages,the individuals will make the transition from child to adult,the life stage known as adolescence.
-Adolescence is between 13-19 years old.
How the developmental stage can vary in motivations,values,sociocultural background.
The stage is approximately 15-24(UN)but can also include younger ages.
During the stage,YP may start to:
-Gain independence from their parents
-Develop personal relationships
-Build own value system
-Attain skills for future economic independence
Physical and emotional changes in puberty:
Boys:
Voice deepens,testicles drop,muscular,grow facial hair.
Both:
Maturity develops,taller,acne,body hair,B.O
Girls:
Body shape,acne,breast growth,hair growth,periods.
-YP-acquire beliefs and values through family,school and other social situations
-Values-shape decisions they make,reactions to challenges and direction they had
-Every year Mission Australia conducts a national survey amongst YP 15-19 years to find out the main issues that affect them
-Findings are used to inform government’s,policy makers and organisations.
-Society has changed,especially with regards to the technological,social and economic environment.
The influence of family/peers
-Families play a significant role on the development of YP
-Present Australia-made up of many different family types
*Eg.single parent families and blended families
-Type of family and parenting style impacts YP in different ways
-Some families are very strict vs.other families that allow YP in a high degree of autonomy(independence)
Families can influence:
-Beliefs
-Who you can hang out with
-Relationships
-Career choices
-Subject choices
-Communicatio is often a problem during this time
-YP may think their ‘parent’ interest is too intrusive and invades their privacy
-Miscommunication is often the root of all problems during this time
-peeres become much more important during this time
The influence of prevailing youth cultures.
-Social networking has exposed YP to many different youth cultures and has replaced face to face communication
-Can also lead to more youth cultures
-Gives young people the opportunity to below and to connect with something they love-builds a sense of self and self esteem-portrayed poorly by the media.
The influence of global events and trends
-North Korea,Syria,Donald Trump,Global health challenges,War
-Connections to the future is essential for young people and their understanding of global events
Global events that are key concerns:
-Terrorism and conflict
-Economic Stability
-Greenhouse gas emissions
-Global warming
-Young people will be key in dealing with and helping to find solutions for these problems.
-Eg.Kelvin Die in Sierra Leone who built his own batteries from scraps of rubbish.
The influence of technology
-Technology has had a significant impact on society,in particular young people
-Young people spend countless hours connecting to others,causes and services
-Eg.banking,through many means of technology-iPhones,galaxy note etc.
-The technology products a young person possesses can be used to project a certain social status or desirable image.
-Today it is not just about ‘do you have a mobile phone?’but more about ‘what type of phone do you have?’
-The internet has positively impacted upon research,allowing young people to quickly and efficiently find information they need
-Access library and resources from home
-Worrying concerns-linked to gaming and thew line between reality and fantasy-young people also known to gamble online-worrying trends
Epidemiology of Health of young people
Epidemiology is the study of the determinants,
occurrence,and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.
patterns of morbidity and mortality
-Trends show that mortality rates of YP is decreasing-for YP 12-24 years death rates have halved from 82 per 100,000 to 41 per 100,000
-In 2004-1470 deaths amongst YP in Australia-69%young males
-For YP 13-19 years-males twice as likely to die from transport accidents and other injuries vs.females
-Mortality rate,or death rate,is a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population
-Mortality rate,a measure of the number of deaths in a given population
Comparisons of health status with that of other age groups
The health of young people is generally good when compared with the healgh status of other age groups.
-Females → increased by 24.5 years from 58.8 years to 83.3 years → 2012 → 84.4 years
-Males → increased by 23.3 years from 55.2 years to 78.5 years → 2012 → 80.3 years
-25-44 years (males) injury and poisoning are the major causes of death
-25-44 years (females) cancer
-Mental illness is a large burden for young Australians
The effects of determinants of health on young people
-Individual factors
-GENETICS: genes eg. breast cancer in the family
-GENDER: cancers specific to genders eg. testicular cancer, breast cancer
-PERSONAL SKILLS: education eg. lack of education → negative impact
-PERSONAL BEHAVIOURS: risk behaviours eg. smoking and drinking
-ATTITUDES AND VALUES: beliefs eg. smoking is okay
Using sun protection(PB,PS,A and V,G):
-Melanoma → most diagnosed cancer amongst YP → sun exposure
-Young females → better skin checked for any changes in freckles or moles
-Young males → 45% had skin checked
Social and emotional development:
-Person is able to identify and understand their own and other emotions → empathy and reading emotional sates in other people
-Allows YP to manage impulses, have focused and complete tasks
Overweight and obesity:
-YP who is overweight or obese → more likely to carry this condition into adulthood
-YP who is obese → more likely to be affected by social acceptance and self esteem → may also suffer from sleep problems
-ABS National Health Survey → 2004/5 → 8% of females and 17% of males 15-17 years were overweight → obesity % were less
Tobacco smoking:
-% of YP 12-17 smoking has decreased to 6.7% in 2014 → drop from 23.5% in 1996
-What is the decreased risk of disease? Cancer, respiratory illnesses
Alcohol misuse:
-Successful → YP less drinking today → factor in many injury related deaths, risky sexual behaviours, illicit drug use, violence and damage to the brain
illicit substance use:
-Successful → age is a factor that increases the likelihood of use eg. 8% of 12-15 year olds and 26% of 16-19 year olds
Injury and poisoning:
-2004/5 → most common cause of injury leading to hospitalisation is transport accidents, then falls
Sociocultural factors
-PEERS: influence risky behaviours eg. drink driving, speeding
-FAMILY: smokes frequently → influence YP
-CULTURE: don’t value physical activity → negative impact on YP
-MEDIA: unrealistic images eg. body type → models → impact eating behaviours
-RELIGION: some don’t believe in immunisations/blood transfusions
-Social capital → the network of relationships among people that allow society to function effectively
-Families that have invaluable support networks → access to information, material resources and friends/neighbours to assist them in managing life and challenges
-AIHW 2008 → cites that strong social networks leads to decreased school dropout rates, lower involvement with gangs, lower levels of depression, positive behavioural outcomes and increased employment opportunities
-Culture → impacts health positively and negatively → differs between and within ethnic groups
-Language difficulties and/or health beliefs and practices impact on health literacy eg. access to health services
Socioeconomic factors
-EDUCATION: higher dropout rates → less exposure to drug education
-EMPLOYMENT:
-YP → socially and economically disadvantages → more likely to have poor health outcomes → LOW SES tends to have poorer nutrition, less physical activity in leisure time, more smoking, more alcohol → can be dangerous if combined
-YP in SE disadvantages families → higher mortality rates
Education:
-Lower education and retention levels amongst SE disadvantaged YP
-Lower education levels → leads to less employment opportunities and thus, lower income → poverty cycle continues
Income:
-Household income determines family’s economic situation
-Lower income can impact economic resources and a minimum standard of living, including a child’s nutrition, access to medicare care, safety, level of stress in family and quality and stability of care
Environmental factors
-ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGY, GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Geographic location:
-YP growing up in lower SES areas demonstrate increased number of behavioural disorders, high levels of chronic illness and more school problems eg. ADHD
Smoking in the house:
-Young children exposed to tobacco smoke are at risk of developing respiratory diseases eg. asthma, low birth rate and middle ear infections
-YP who have reduced amount of exposure to tobacco smoke are more likely to attend school, do better at school and less likely to start smoking
Developmental Aspects that Affect the Health of Young People
Throughout life,there are aspects of development that affect people’s health and their ability to maintain good health.As lives changes,individuals make adjustments to their relationships,their self-identity,their feelings of self-work and their level of autonomy.These life changes need to be considered as important opportunities that will promoter personal growth,and young people in particular need to be ready to respond in ways that will promote their well-being.
Revising roles within relationships
As the individuals ages ,the role they play in a relationship can vary,depending on age,gender,attitudes,expectations,type of personality,culture,and religious beliefs and traditions.Depending on these circumstances,the individual may take an equal role,a dominant role,or a submissive role.
-Every person takes on roles within relationships over their lifetime - roles in adolescence change greatly, going from a reliance on family to seeking greater independence
-Family = most important during this time
-YP will try and push boundaries and vent their frustrations about the world
-They once saw their parents as protectors and now they see them as ‘interfering’
-Conflict is caused as YP keep testing the limits and pushing the boundaries whilst parents maintain clear lines
-Conflict is NECESSARY for growth - even at expense of peace within a household
-Maintaining positivity within the relationship is important
-During this time parents will need to be flexible and adapt to their child’s changing needs
-Includes → moving from an authoritative to a more collaborative approach
-YP = often also asked to take on adult responsibilities → in response to longer working hours for parents
-Responsibilities = preparing dinners, cleaning, looking after younger siblings or helping parents at work after school
-Peers become the biggest influence on a YP life and, as a result, more time will be spent with their friends
-Friendships - allow for YP to practise social skills → learn to manage relationships and develop intimacy - open, honest, caring and trusting relationships
Clarifying self-identity and self-worth
-Having a positive self-identity and self-worth provides the framework needed to make goals and choices in life
-Self-identity: knowing who you are
-Self-worth: believing that you are valuable
-As YP grow, they will continue to morph as they work out who they are - involves hanging out with different people, wearing different clothes and hairstyles and listening to different music
-This changes according to the influences and opinions of others, as a YP is shaped into ‘themselves’ - during this time, a YP will take on different roles
-It is important that families allow YP to become themselves by encouraging them to develop their own self worth and self identity
-Families that do not allow this to happen will impact a YP’s ability to grow
-A YP with a secure self-identity and self-worth knows where they DO FIT and where they DO NOT FIT in the world
Developing self sufficiency and autonomy
-Self-sufficiency means that you do not need any help from the outside world
-Autonomy refers to a YP being able to feel, think, make decisions and act on their own
-Autonomy continues to develop in adulthood, in response to challenges and the way we deal with the challenges
-A YP who does not have self-belief may withdraw from the challenge or pursue their goals less energetically or in less challenging ways
-Autonomy in adolescence means becoming independent and self-regulating relationships
*Eg. going for a driver’s license, seeking casual or part time employment, buying a car and moving out of home
-During this time - a YP is able to make their own decisions, live by their own set of principles that are right or wrong and have become less dependent emotionally on their parents
-Autonomy is NECESSARY if a YP is to become self-sufficient in society
Establishing education, training and employment pathways
-It is perceived that secondary or postsecondary education is more important than ever - there is still a number of YP who choose not to pursue university studies, and will instead attend TAFE, take on traineeships and apprenticeships and go to business colleges
-VET courses at schools give students the opportunity to explore a variety of work pathways
-Careers education gives students the tools to make decisions that will help with their future, including applying for a TAFE or university course and writing a CV
-Youth employment benefits include earning money, gaining experience, achieving autonomy, easing the transition from school to work and developing positive work attitudes
-People with a self centered work ethic only do the job that they are required to do - this person lacks initiative and generally earn money to have ‘fun on the weekends’
-A strong work ethic and a willingness to develop an identity as someone who works, will always outweigh quitting jobs when they are tiring, boring and lack opportunities for advancement
-For some young people - the money they earn helps their low income family, giving them pride and self-esteem
Establishing personal support structures
-A stable and loving home environment is important for giving YP the emotional support they need to explore the world
-This given them the freedom to experience new things and then return to the comfort of home
-Unconditional love is important for helping YP to develop
-A personal support structure can be:
*Parents
*Siblings
*Teachers
*Relatives
*Friends
*Peers
-These are people who give support and advice, despite circumstances and do not pass judgement
-Close relationships can help to lighten the burden
-These structures can provide support by:
*Basic needs of food, clothing, shelter
*Providing care when sick
*Helping with stress eg. exams
*Supporting relationships (new, current, breakup)
*Helping financially eg. buying a car, going to the movies
-Outside resources and groups can also help when they feel their existing support structures cannot help
-This includes counsellors, specific support groups and treatment programs (Eg. AA)
-Seeking help = strength and is not a weakness
Determining behavioural boundaries
-Circumstances and families dictate different boundaries
-As a YP grows they will also seek to establish and challenge parental boundaries eg. by cleaning their room and helping cook dinner they will ask to stay out for longer hours
-When problem behaviour occurs - parents will try and make the boundaries clear and the consequences even clearer
-This can cause tension as a YP refuses to obey, and parents become frustrated - it is a time when parents must choose their battles
-win/win resolutions are important, as are discussions around rules and options
-Parents should show warmth and empathy, rather than judgement
-Boundaries can be set for going out, alcohol use, being in relationships, social media use, mobile phone data and driving
-When a parent disciplines they must consider the age, the seriousness of the issue and the types of relationships they want when they are an adult
-This will help think about the relationship shift as they become an adult
The Major Health Issues That Impact On Young People:
Mental health problems and Illnesses
Anxiety and Depression:
Nature and extent of Mental health problems and illnesses
-The nature of mental health problems refers to the types and a description of the issues
-The types of mental health problems includes anxiety, depression (bipolar), ADHD, personality disorder - narcissism and schizophrenia
-There are different types of depression, including bipolar disorder (highs and lows), psychotic depression (depressed mood coupled with paranoia) and major or clinical depression (depressed mood lasting for at least two weeks)
-Anxiety comes in 4 forms and includes separation anxiety, panic disorder, social anxiety, specific phobia and generalised anxiety - social anxiety is the most common
Trends for Mental health:
-18-24 years have the highest prevalence of mental illness in Australia (Black dog institute)
-Depression is the leading contributor to the burden of disease and injury in females ages 10-24 years, and the second leading contributor (after road traffic accidents) for males of the same age
-Depression is the most frequently managed mental health problem for young people aged 12-24 years, with 13.5% of GP encounters for mental health reasons in Australia related to this disorder
-Suicide is the biggest killer of young Australians and accounts for the deaths of more young people than car accidents
-Breakdown: 324 Australians aged 15-24 dying by suicide in 2012 - compares to 198 who died in car accidents (second highest killer)
-Number of deaths by suicide in young Australians is the highest it has been in 10 year
-Breakdown: in 2015, 391 young Australians aged 15-24 died by suicide compared with 290 young Australians in 2005
-Textbook: Deaths by suicide fell by 40% between 1995-2004 - between 1985-97 and the suicide rate amongst young males fluctuated between 19 and 23 per 100,000 young people
-Since then the suicide rate among young males fell by over 50% from 23 per 100,000 to 11 per 100,000 in 2004 - female rates remain relatively stable since 1985
The risk factors and protective factors
Symptoms of depression:
*Lack of interest
*Feeling hopeless
*No energy
*Feeling lonely and unloved
*Not wanting to socialise
*Poor nutrition and weight loss
*Taking unnecessary risks - alcohol and drug use
*Thinking about death or suicide
*Clinical or major depression states that if a person is suffering from multiple symptoms over a 2 week period or longer, they
probably have depression
Symptoms of anxiety:
*Shyness
*Excessive butterflies and stress
*Separation problems
*Phobias that stop normal functioning
*Sleeping problems
*Phobias that stop normal functioning
*Not being able to stay calm or still
*Shortness of breath and heart palpitations
Panic, fear and uneasiness
Poor body image and self worth
*Lack of parental supervision, poor role models
*Low engagement with school and future plans
*Unemployment
*Incarceration
*Substance abuse
Reasons people suffer from depression and anxiety:
-A genetic risk/link
-Trigger from a stressful or traumatic event eg. loss of a loved one
-Postnatal depression - after birth
-Failing exams or something perceived to be important
Protective factors:
-Talking and opening up about your problems
-Seeking professional help - GP can refer to 10 free counselling sessions per calendar year
-Medication - coupled with other therapies
-Mindfulness apps
-online counselling and phone counselling
-Playing sport and other things coupled with professional help
-Step by step - anxiety
-feeling safe and connected at school
-Resilience and coping skills
-At least one involved parent
-Positive outlook on life
-Access to health services
-Education around youth issues
-Economic security eg. employment
The sociocultural,socioeconomic and environmental determinants
-Many variables and compounding factors exacerbate mental health problems
Sociocultural:
-Settling into a new country or a conflicting culture and social life can challenge a YP’s way of thinking, values and their behaviour
-Trying to adopt a new culture may make a YP feel marginalised, rejecting the new culture and can lead to depression and anxiety
-It can be difficult to juggle the demands of two cultures
-According to Mission Australia survey 2016, body image is the 3rd top personal concern
-The pressure for females to be ‘thin’ and ‘fit’ and males to be ‘muscly’ can impact a person’s mental health and lead to depression and anxiety disorders (media)
-Eg. rejecting the behaviours of your friends might lead to feeling socially isolated
-Lack of family stability
-Poor interpersonal relationships
-Exposure to conflict, violence
-Lack of personal support networks
Socioeconomic:
-The higher a person is economically disadvantaged the more likely they are to develop depression and anxiety
-Rising unemployment, low income and housing affordability are SE issues that impact directly on a person’s coping ability and stress, especially low SES → can lead to anxiety disorders and depression
-Poor coping strategies can be used to ‘numb the pain’ such as alcohol and drug use → can lead to serious side effects
-Eg. low income can mean not able to afford social activities with friends and socialising is a PROTECTIVE factor
-Early school leavers
Environmental:
-Living in rural and remote areas - negative social stereotypes, less occupational and recreational opportunities and limited access to support services
-All of these things can lead to anxiety and depression
-Overcrowded or inadequate housing
-Access to health and support services
