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1
Q

What are the measures of epidemiology?

A
  • Mortality
  • Infant Mortality
  • Morbidity
  • Life Expectancy
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2
Q

What is Mortality?

A

Mortality is the rate of deaths in a population over a specific time period.

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3
Q

What is Morbidity?

A

Morbidity is the rate of diseases in a population over a specific time period.

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4
Q

What is Life Expectancy?

A

Life expectancy is the average years a person can be expected to live

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5
Q

What is Infant Mortality?

A

Infant mortality is the rate of deaths in children under 1 years old per 1000 live births per year.

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6
Q

What are the 2 sub-groups of infant mortality?

A

1) Neonatal - deaths in the first 28 days of life.

2) Post-neonatal - deaths occurring after the first 28 days up to 1 year of life.

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7
Q

What factors have contributed to decreased rates of infant mortality? (4)

A
  • Improved medical diagnosis and treatment of illness.
  • Improved public sanitation.
  • Health education.
  • Improved support services for parents, children & newborns.
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8
Q

What is Health Status?

A

The health status of a nation is the pattern of health of the population in general, over a period of time.

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9
Q

How is Health Status measured?

A

Epidemiology, which is the study of disease, death and injury in a population.

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10
Q

What are the 4 factors considered by Epidemiology?

A
  • Prevalence (number of cases atone time)
  • Incidence (number of new cases occurring)
  • Distribution (the extent)
  • Apparent Causes (determinants and indicators)
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11
Q

What are the 4 main ways epidemiology helps to improve health status?

A

1) Describe and compare patterns in health of groups, communities and populations.

2) Identify health needs and allocate health care resources accordingly.

3) Evaluate health behaviours and strategies to control and prevent disease.

4) Identify and promote behaviours that can improve the health status of the overall population (e.g eating less fat and more fibre).

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12
Q

What things does epidemiology use statistics on? (9)

A

1) Births
2) Deaths
3) Disease incidence
4) Disease prevalence
5) Contact with health-care providers.
6) Hospital use (treatment received in hospitals for medical problems).
7) Injury incidence
8) Work days lost
9) Money spent on health care

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13
Q

What are the 5 main limitations of epidemiology?

A

1) Does not always show significant variations of health status among sub-groups (e.g ATSI and non-ATSI peoples).

2) Does not consider quality of life (e.g stress levels, impairment/disability).

3) Cannot provide the whole picture of health (e.g little to no data on mental health)

4) Does not explain why health inequities exist.

5) Does not consider all determinants of health (e.g social, environmental, economic & cultural influences on health).

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14
Q

What are the 4 limitations of statistics collected through epidemiology?

A

1) Varying reliability of data.

2) Numerous sources of information.

3) Imprecise methods of data collection.

4) Whether surveys use standard instruments, definitions & classifications.

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15
Q

Who uses the measures of epidemiology?

A
  • Researches
  • Doctors and health professionals
  • Health organisations
  • Governments

(E.g Department of Health, AIHW, ABS, WHO, Heart Foundation).

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16
Q

What is an example of the limitations of epidemiology?

A

The National Health Survey conducted by the ABS collects data by surveying one child and one adult from each household to gain a picture of health status.

This method of data collection is reliable for illnesses such as colds and asthma, but is unreliable for diseases such as cancer.

To achieve an accurate picture of the health status of Australians, data would also need to be collected from hospitals and nursing homes.

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17
Q

What are the leading causes of death in Australia?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancers
  • Respiratory Diseases
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18
Q

What are the 5 factors for identifying Priority Health Issues?

A
  • Social Justice Principles.
  • Prevalence of condition.
  • Priority population groups.
  • Potential for prevention and early intervention.
  • Costs to the individual and community.
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19
Q

Why is priority population groups important for identifying priority health issues? (4)

A

1) Determines health disadvantages of groups within the population.

2) Better understand the social determinants of health.

3) Identifies the prevalence of disease and injury in specific groups.

4) Determines the needs of groups in relation to social justice principles.

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20
Q

What are the main 4 burdens of illness on the individual?

A
  • Financial loss
  • Loss of productivity
  • Diminishing quality of life
  • Emotional stress
21
Q

What are the direct costs of illness? (3)
- Examples

A
  • Money spent on diagnosing
  • Money spent treating and caring for people affected by illness.
  • Money spent on prevention.

E.g Expenses from medical services, hospital admissions, pharmaceutical prescriptions, prevention initiatives, research, screening and education).

22
Q

What are the indirect costs of illness? (2)
- Examples

A
  • Premature death
  • Loss of output when people are too ill to work.

(E.g Loss of forgone earnings, absenteeism, costs of retraining replacement workers).

23
Q

What are the 3 main priority health groups in Australia?

A
  • Particular groups experiencing health inequities.
  • High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems.
  • Our growing and ageing population.
24
Q

What are the 4 determinants of health?

A
  • Individual determinants
  • Sociocultural determinants
  • Socioeconomic determinants
  • Environmental determinants
25
What are the 5 sociocultural determinants of health?
- Family - Peers - Media - Culture - Religion
26
What are the 3 socioeconomic determinants of health?
- Income - Employment - Education
26
What are the 2 environmental determinants of health?
- Geographical location - Access to health services and technology.
27
What are the 4 individual determinants of health?
- Genetics - Attitude - Skills - Knowledge
28
What are the 6 main groups experiencing health inequities?
- ATSI - Socioeconomically disadvantaged people - People in rural and remote areas - overseas-born people - Elderly - People with disabilities.
29
What are the main 3 factors considered when examining the main groups experiencing health inequities?
- The nature and extent of the health inequities. - The sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants. - The roles of individuals, communities and governments in addressing these inequities.
30
What are the key facts surrounding the nature and extent of health inequities experienced by ASTI peoples? (6)
- Lower life expectancy at birth for both females and males. - Average of 10 years lower than non-ATSI peoples. - 62% of Indigenous males and 54% of Indigenous females who died were younger than 65 years. This compares with the 21% of non-Indigenous males and 13% of non-Indigenous females (2016). - Death rates are almost three times as high for ASTI peoples. - Higher death rates from cancer, circulatory diseases (CVD/stroke), injuries (vehicle crashes, homicide and suicide), respiratory diseases (pneumonia), endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders (diabetes), and digestive disorders. - Infant mortality rate is twice as high for ATSI peoples than non-ATSI peoples.
31
What are the key facts surrounding the nature and extent of health inequities experienced by socioeconomically disadvantaged people? (6)
- Higher socioeconomic groups have lower infant mortality rates. - Higher socioeconomic groups have better education and therefore health literacy. lower education is linked with higher blood pressure in both genders, higher cholesterol levels in females and higher BMI in both genders. - Greater decline in heart disease deaths in higher socioeconomic groups. - Higher smoking prevalence in lower socioeconomic groups. - Low socioeconomic groups use preventative health services such as immunisation, family planning, dental check-ups and Pap smears less. - Socioeconomically disadvantaged people tend to get sick more often and die younger.
32
What % of Australia's population lives in rural or remote areas?
30%
33
People in rural and remote areas are more likely too... (4)
- Be smokers - Drink alcohol in hazardous quantities. - Be overweight/obese - Be physically inactive
34
What factors can affect the health of over-seas born people? (4)
- Age - Socioeconomic statues - Fluency in English - Satisfaction with their life in Australia.
35
What are some health inequities that can be seen between Australian-born populations and over-seas born populations? (4)
- High rates of mortality from lung cancer for people from the United Kingdom and Ireland. - Higher rates of diabetes and cervical cancer in the population groups of Asian origin. - Markedly lower death rates for people born in China and Vietnam. - A much lower incidence of skin cancer in overseas-born Australians.
36
What are the 6 preventable chronic diseases and illnesses? - (Australia's priority health issues)
- Cardiovascular disease - Cancer - Diabetes - Respiratory disease - Injury - Mental health problems/illnesses
37
What is cardiovascular disease?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
38
What are the main statistics surrounding CVD? (3)
- Contributed to almost 30% of deaths in Australia (2015). - Males have a higher chance of developing CVD than females. - ASTI die from CVD at twice the rate of the total population.
39
What are the 3 main forms of CVD?
1) Coronary heart disease 2) Stroke 3) Peripheral vascular disease
40
What is coronary heart disease?
Coronary heart disease is the poor supply of blood to the muscular wall of the heart by its own supply vessels, the coronary arteries.
41
What is stroke?
Stroke is the interruption of blood supply to the brain.
42
What is peripheral vascular disease?
Peripheral vascular disease is the disease of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to the legs.
43
What are. the most common examples of CVD? (5)
- Stroke - Heart attack - Angina - Heart failure - Peripheral vascular disease
44
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is the build-up of plaque on the inside of the interior walls of the arteries. This causes decreased blood flow to the bodies tissues and contributes to high blood pressure.
45
What is arteriosclerosis?
Arteriosclerosis is a degenerative disease that involves the hardening of the arteries.
46
What are common symptoms associated with a heart attack? (5)
- Sudden collapse or unconsciousness. - Shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating - Chronic pain (several hours or days) - Acute pain, extending to the shoulders, neck, arms and jaw. - pain felt as a burning sensation in the centre of the chest, between the shoulder blades or behind the breast bone.
47
What is angina pectoris?
Angina pectoris is the medical term used to describe pain in the chest that occurs when the heart has insufficient supply of oxygenated blood.
48

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