PDD ARE 5.0 Flashcards
What is the function of vertical stiffeners on a steel beam?
To prevent web buckling.
Where appearance is a concern, what is the advantage of knee bracing over other types of bracing?
The struts are typically short enough to be more easily hidden by a suspended ceiling.
What are metal anchor studs, or shear studs?
Connectors welded to a beam and encased in concrete.
What type of retaining wall includes a key, and what is the key’s purpose?
A cantilever retaining wall includes this to help prevent slipping.
What are two important issues to consider when designing long span structural members that are to be shipped to a site by truck?
i. That the components must each fit on a truck
ii. Be as large as possible to minimize the number of field connections
On what two drawings would you expect to find information about both ceiling grids and lighting fixtures?
i. RCP
ii. Electrical Lighting Plan
What is an economizer cycle?
a. The introduction of fresh air into the indoor air.
i. Reduces energy costs
ii. Improves air quality
What are some advantages of using a runaround coil in an air handling system?
i. Incoming and exhaust airstreams need not be adjacent.
ii. High efficiency and energy savings
iii. Effectiveness in high volume applications
Name three water quality problems that can be corrected with filtration.
i. Color
ii. Turbidity
iii. Odor
Name four common components that would be included in construction specifications under Section 07 72 00: Roof Accessories.
i. Coping
ii. Vents
iii. Expansion Joints
iv. Hatches
Four properties of copper pipe that make it well suited for use in water supply systems
i. Corrosion Resistance
ii. Low Friction Loss
iii. Strength
iv. Availability in Small Outside Diameters
What type of coating can be applied to make a wall or other surface fire resistant?
Intumescent Paint
What is the relationship between “resistance through a material”R and “thermal conductivity”C?
R= 1/C
What type of specification include the name of a specific manufacturers product?
Proprietary Specification
When using the CSI Masterformat, what three parts make up the section of the specifications?
Part 1: General
Part 2: Products
Part 3: Execution
Which contract document describes the quality and type of materials to be used?
The specification
What are three examples of live loads in a building?
i. Furniture
ii. Mobile Equipment
iii. People
Name 3 procedures permitted by the IBC for calculating design seismic forces
i. Simplified Analysis
ii. Equivalent Lateral Force
iii. Dynamic Analysis
What kinds of loads can membrane structures resist?
Tension
Two tests commonly used on concrete
Slump Test
Kelly Ball Test
Cylinder Test
Buildings over 30 stories with a rigid structural system cannot easily be constructed from concrete. Why not?
The moment resisting connections between beams and columns are difficult to construct.
In the IBC, in which construction type is combustible wood both permitted and allowed to be left unprotected?
i. Type IV
ii. Heavy Timber
What are the three basic categories of exposure used in determining wind loading in building design?
i. Urban and suburban areas
ii. Open terrain with scattered obstructions
iii. Flat, unobstructed areas
What is the formula for the “moment of inertia I” for a beam with a rectangular cross section?
I=bd^3 b=width of cross section d=height of cross section
In an earthquake, what property of a building does the building’s acceleration depend on?
The natural period of the building.
How are the allowable stresses for structural steel expressed in the IBC?
As fractions of the yield stress
At what point can the actual construction costs be completely determined?
After the project is complete and the owner has made final payment.
Why would the architect review wind loads and hydrostatic pressure?
Because they might affect the structural integrity of the building and their review is required by the building code.
What is the purpose of a deduct alternate?
If the budget has been exceeded and the owner may use this to revise the scope of work to remain within the budget.
If a CM is used on the project, what is their responsibility in the budgeting process?
Cost Analysis
What are Five common applications of one-way long-span structural systems?
i. Beams
ii. Trusses
iii. Joist Girders
iv. Pre stressed Concrete Tee Beams
v. Arches
What two structural systems are used in a dual system?
i. Moment resisting frame
ii. Shear walls
Two design strategies for dealing with expansive soil located in the area of a building are..
i. Remove it and replace with imported fill
ii. Including piles or caisson piers in the foundation
What materials other than steel are commonly used to create a shear wall in a steel frame building?
i. Reinforcing Masonry
ii. Concrete
What are the main goals of a good seismic design?
i. Safely transfer lateral loads to the foundation and the ground
ii. Can absorb some of the energy that is present
iii. Will not collapse is laterals loads exceed the design
Why is electrical service provided at high voltage?
Makes it possible to transmit electricity with less voltage drop and to provide service with smaller lines
Name two types of glare.
i. Direct
ii. Reflected
Name three ways a retaining wall can fail.
i. Overturning
ii. Sliding
iii. Sinking
What are some advantages of open-web steel joists over steel beams?
Lightweight and prefabricated
What are two disadvantages to using concrete to resist lateral loads?
i. Weight
ii. Brittleness
What are the four most common types of sprinkler systems?
i. Wet
ii. Dry
iii. Deluge
iv. Preaction
What is the maximum moisture content allowed in kiln-dried lumber?
15%
What are the 3 grades of glulam beams?
i. Architectural
ii. Industrial
iii. Premium
What is the condition of the moment at the center column of a two-bay frame?
Negative
What is a resonant, or oscillating load?
Dynamic loads cause by wind.
What is occurring when a beam has a negative moment?
Negative moments cause the beam to bend upward
What are the main advantages of air entrained concrete?
i. Durable
ii. Workable
iii. Resistant to freezing
Which forces acting on a building are resisted by the use of a moment connection between beams and columns?
Lateral forces such as wind and seismic.
What is the formula to calculate the total lateral force or seismic shear at the base of a building?
V = C * W C=Seismic response coefficient W=weight of the building
What type of soil permits an allowable foundation pressure of 4000 psf?
Sandy gravel
What condition of the soil leads to the use of piles?
When it is unsuitable for spread footings.
In what kind of system are lateral-resisting members stressed in flexure?
Moment resisting space frame
What is a diaphragm and what is its function in a structure?
Horizontal or sloped system designed to transmit lateral forces to shear walls and other vertical resisting elements.
What two basic guidelines are used in truss analysis?
i. The sum of the horizontal and vertical forces at any point must equal zero
ii. The sum of the moments at any point must equal zero.
What are the three functional components of a private septic sewer system?
i. Septic tank
ii. Distribution box
iii. Leach field
What is an RFI (request for information) and why is it used?
It is a request to the architect from the contractor to clarify a part of the drawings or specifications that are not clearly understood in the field.
Where would requirements for pier reinforcing be found in a set of construction drawings?
The structural drawings.
What are the allowable variations in actual construction dimensions versus the dimensions shown on construction drawings called?
Tolerances
What is a benchmark?
This is a fixed point from which all other elevations on the site and building are measured.
What is a heat bridge?
A piece or assembly of metal or other conductive materials that spans from the exterior to interior faces of a wall.
What is the function of an expansion joint in a curtain wall?
Allows movement due to thermal conditions in the wall.
What is the uniform Drawing System?
a. The standard arrangement of drawings and sheet organization.
b. Also, establishes a standard format for schedules and drafting conventions
Typically what are the three biggest factors in the cost of a building?
i. Material
ii. Labor
iii. Equipment
Why would an architect be required to revise drawings without compensation?
When all base bids are above the agreed upon construction budget.
How are precast concrete sections connected?
Embedded weld plates
When is a coped beam connection used?
When the tops of two beams must be flush with each other.
What is a base bid?
Bid that meets the minimum required work when alternate bids are included in the bidding scope.
What information are wall sections drawn to show?
These drawings schematically show vertical dimensions and the construction of the floor, wall and roof.
What are the two most common ways a concrete beam can be reinforced for shear?
a. Bending the tension steel up to a 45 degree angle at the ends.
b. Using vertical stirrups. (The more common approach)
What is the function of vertical stiffeners at a steel beam?
To prevent web buckling.
What are 3 characteristics of quatersawn lumber?
i. Relatively even grain patterns
ii. Shrinks and swells less in width
iii. Doesn’t utilize logs effectively, and thus results in more waste and higher cost
What are four types of wood that are appropriate for outdoor spaces?
i. Teak
ii. IPE
iii. Redwood
iv. White Oak
Accelerator
A substance such as calcium chloride, added to a concrete mix to speed up its setting and strength development
Brown Coat
The second coat of plaster in a three coat plastering. Contains a large proportion of sand.
Hub
The end of a pipe that is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe to form a joint. Also called a bell.
Bar Chair
Device used to support rebars during the placing of concrete.
Groove Weld
A weld placed between two butting pieces of metal.
Weathering Steel
Steel that acquires a brownish protective oxide coating when exposed to the weather and therefore requires no paint finish.
Rigid Frame
Moment Resisting Frame - A frame with rigid joints, in which members and joints are capable of resisting vertical and horizontal forces primarily by flexure.
Stainless Steel
Generally containing more than 10% chromium.
Branch Vent
A vent connecting one or more individual vents to a stack vent.
Construction Joint
The joint between two successive concrete pours. Usually located where the shear is minimum, such as the midspan of beams.
Nonferrous Metal
Contains NO Iron. Aluminum, Copper or Lead.
Grade NW Brick
No weather brick.
Dual Duct System
Hot and cold air are supplied by separate ducts and mixed at each controlled space to provide desired supply and temperature. Consumes a great amount of energy.
Variable Air Volume (VAV)
Controls thermal load changes by varying the flow of air supply instead of varying the temperature.
Which of these building materials are considered to be non-combustible?
Steel, Brick, Concrete, CMU
What is the equation used to determine Footcandles?
Footcandles (fc)= (lumensCULLF) / room sqft.
How do you prevent efflorescence?
By furnishing adequate weather protection during construction.
When is a cold joint used?
Cold joints are used when a concrete slab is too large to be completed in a single concrete pour.
When is a construction joint used?
Construction joints are used where two separate placements of concrete meet and where reinforcement may be continuous.
When is a control joint used?
Control joints (contraction joints) are tooled, sawed, or formed grooves in the concrete to create weak points where cracking can occur.
When is a isolation joint used?
Isolation joints are used where adjacent areas of concrete may move in three directions and where the formation of cracks is to be avoided.
What metals are most resistant to oxidation?
Gold and Silver
What materials are considered to be combustible?
Aluminum, Light Wood Framing, Heavy Timber
Name the types of plastics and what they are used for
ABS piping is used for drainage
CPVC is used for hot and cold supply
HDPE is used for exterior water supply
PE is used for water supply, irrigation sprinklers, and exterior drainage
PEX-AL-PEX is used for water supply and compressed air and gas
PP is used for industrial supply and waste for chemical resistance and high heat
PVC is used for cold water supply
What is Enthalpy?
The total amount of heat within a system.
What is the equation for R-value?
R=x/K
x=thickness of the material in inches
Incandescent lighting tends to give off what color light?
Yellow
What are the flame spread ratings from lowest to highest?
A,B,C
VOC stands for
Volatile Organic Compounds
What kind of specification describes the desired end results?
Reference Specifications
What are Descriptive Specifications?
- They make the architect responsible for the proper performance of the specified items.
- The explain all components of the specified items in detail.
- They describe the arrangement of the assembly of the components of the specified items.
A Project Manual contains:
- General conditions of the contract for construction.
- Instructions to bidders.
- Sample contract and administrative forms.
- Bid form.
Reference Specifications are:
Specifications that describe the desired end results and are used to refer contractors to federal or other standard specifications.
Proprietary Specifications are:
Are usually open but may be closed on private projects.
The maximum speed of an elevator is dictated by:
Building Height
How are freight elevators different from passenger elevators?
- They are slower.
- Greater weight capacity
- Doors operate differently
When are hydraulic elevators used?
Low rise buildings about 50 feet or five stories maximum and have speeds that vary between 25 and 150 fpm.
When are electric elevators used?
Used in buildings >50ft. tall and can obtain speeds of 1,800 fpm
Double wrap roping is used when:
- When high speed service is desired, additional traction is required hence double wrapping.
- Cable life is shorter since there are more bends.
An elevator roped at 2:1 means what?
distance the cable moves:distance the car moves
This example) the car speed is one half that of the cable. Also - requires only half the weight to be lifted by the motor so a smaller elevator motor can be used.
What criteria are used in specifying the maximum noise level in a given space under a given set of conditions?
NC = Noise Criteria
What is the logarithmic measure of the intensity of a sound relative to reference intensity?
IL = Intensity Level
What is reverberation time?
The time required for a sound to decay 60 dB in a space.
Fluorescent Lighting
Cool white color. Typically 40 watts or less
HID = High Intensity Discharge
Very high voltage, blue light
Types of HID Lights include:
- Mercury Vapor Lamps
- Metal Halide Gas
- High Pressure Sodium
- Low Pressure Sodium
What is electrolysis?
Deterioration resulting from contact between certain alloys.
