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PD III FInal Exam Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Race

A

A human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics

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2
Q

Ethnicity

A

A sizeable group of people sharing a common distinctive national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage

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3
Q

Culture

A

The collection of beliefs, customs, arts, norms, experiences, values, etc. of a particular racial, religious, or societal group

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4
Q

Cultural competency

A

As set of behaviors and attitudes within the business operation or system that respects and takes into account the person’s cultural background, beliefs, and values and incorporates it into the way healthcare is managed to that individual

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5
Q

Four basic steps in cross cultural communication

A

Identify core cross cultural issues
Explore meaning of the illness
Determine social context
Negotiate

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6
Q

Average life expectancy in america
Overall
White
Hispanic
Black
Male
Female

A

Overall - 78.6
White - 78.5
Hispanic - 81.8
Black - 74.9
Male - 76.1
Female - 81.1

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7
Q

Expected life expectancy overall with disability

A

65

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8
Q

Social determinants of health

A

Education access and quality
Healthcare access and quality
Economic stability
Social and community context
Neighborhood and built environment

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9
Q

Vulnerable population

A

One that experiences health disparities as a direct result of a lack of resources and/or an increased healthcare risk

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10
Q

Cultural destructiveness

A

Actively berating a person or community based on cultural background

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11
Q

Cultural incapacity

A

Willing to support culturally oriented practices but unable to actually provide support

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12
Q

Cultural blindness

A

Attempting to treat everyone the same regardless of culture - can miss key elements attributable to culture

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13
Q

Cultural precompetency

A

Recognize that culture is influential attempts to make some improvements and adaptations but has no plan for continuous improvement

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14
Q

Cultural proficiency

A

Values diversity, implements and evaluates ideas to improve culturally related care, educating on or researching cultural care

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15
Q

Disease vs. Illness

A

Disease - malfunctioning occuring at a physiologic level
Illness - Psychosocial experience and perceived meaning of the disease

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16
Q

Explanatory model of communication

A

8 Questions geared towards evaluating the patient’s beliefs about illness its etiology and what they want to do next

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17
Q

BATHE model of communication

A

Background
Affect
Trouble
Handling
Empathy
Elicits psychosocial context of an illness - can screen for depression

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18
Q

BELIEF model

A

Beliefs, Explanation, Learn, Impact, Empathy, Feelings
Similar to explanatory model, adds empathy for patient

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19
Q

ETHNIC model

A

Explanation, Treatment, Healers, Negotiate, Interventionm Collaboration
Invites discussion of alternative treatments

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20
Q

LEARN model

A

Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate
Geared towards cultural competence in particular - includes negotiation of treatment

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21
Q

4 Cs model

A

What do you CALL your problem
What do you think CAUSED your problem
How have you COPED with you condition
What CONCERNS do you have

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22
Q

Percent of patients that feel a provider should discuss spiritual issues

A

40%

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23
Q

HOPE model

A

Sources of HOPE, Organized religion, Personal practices, Effects on medical care

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24
Q

FICA model

A

Faith and Spirituality
Importance
Community
Address in care

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25
SPIRIT model
Spiritual belief system Personal spirituality Integration within a spiritual community Ritualized practices/Restriction Implications Terminal Illness
26
Hierarchy for medical interpretation
Bilingual clinician In person interpreter Remote interpreter Family/Friend
27
Common forms of Mind-Body-Spirit medicine
Biofeedback Hypnosis Meditation Relaxation techniques Yoga, Tai Chi, Qi Gong
28
Osteopathic manipulation training
Manipulation of bones and soft tissue mostly used to treat MSK diseases
29
Chiropractics
5yrs of training - emphasis on spinal manipulation Neck manipulation carries the highest risk
30
Naturopathy
4 yrs education Emphasis on low doses of drugs, herbals, etc. Mix of conventional and unconventional medicine - No accrediting body
31
Acupuncture
Use of disposable needles - should be single use! Does have a physiologic effect Low risk overall
32
Potential contraindications to performing massage
Blood clots, open wounds, infections, weakened bones, low platelet count, directly over tumors
33
Commonly used modalities of eastern medicine
Acupuncture Moxibustion Chinese herbal medicine 43 states require certification
34
Homeopathy
Heavily diluted compunds that cause the isue the patient is having. Only 3 states with licensure laws. 10^60th dilutions! Little evidence
35
Herbals and Supplements
Can only claim to promote normal body structure and function, not as regulated
36
Echinachea
Improves immunity, prevents flu/cold May worsen autoimmune disease
37
Ginseng
Improves energy and mental health May cause agitation/hypertension
38
Ginko Balboa
Improves memory and circulation Risk of bleeding/seizures
39
Garlic
Used for heart disease, HLD, Colds, Bleeding risk, GI upset, Odor
40
Saw palmetto
Used for BPH, may cause dizziness, HA, hormonal effects
41
St. John's Wort
Used for depression and as atopical antimicrobial Many DDIs, dizziness, serotonin syndrome
42
Black Cohosh
Helps with PMS and menopausal symptoms Can stimulate hormone sensitive tissue and worsen endometriosis or fibroids
43
Kava Kava
Used for anxiety and insomnia Hepatotoxic
44
Glucosamine and Chondroitin
Used for joint pain and OA Risk of GI issues, shellfish allergy, drowsiness
45
Fish Oil
Used for CHD, HTN, HF May cause GI upset, oily stool, burping, bleeding
46
Coenzyme Q10
Used for HF, HTN, Statin induced myopathy, Migraine Risk of mild heartburn and GI
47
CBD therapy
Good evidence for treatment of epilepsy with some evidence for chronic pain, anxiety, insomnia Not regulated - be careful
48
Essential oils
Not well studied, may help as an adjunct for infections, psych, pain, or insomnia May worsen hormonal issues or dyspnea
49
Urine therapy
Unadvised - use of urine for healing in various forms
50
Miracle mineral solution
Essentially a bleach solution - autism and cancer. Given orally or as an enema
51
Laetrile/B17
Toxic "cancer" remedy Basically cyanide
52
Turpentine
Often recommended for candida infections Can be seriously toxic Pine tree essential oil
53
Black salve
Bloodroot and zinc chloride Actually destroys normal tissue with diseased/cancerous tissue
54
5 Environmental carcinogens
Asbestos, Benzene, Triclosan, Coal, Arsenic
55
5 Environmental diabetogenics
Triclosan, Flame retardants, Stain repellants, Nonstick, DDT
56
5 Environmental toxins that may lead to neurocognitive impairment
Herbicides, Heavy metals, Triclosan, Teflon
57
Environmental causes of vascular disease
Toxic metals
58
Environmental causes of endocrine disruption
Pesticides, toxic metals, many others
59
Acceptable daily intake
Daily intake that appears to be associated with minimal to no risk over the lifetime
60
Biomagnification
Increased concentration of toxins in animals as one goes higher in the food chain
61
Bioaccumulation
Intake of a toxin exceeds the body's ability to dospose of it
62
Carbon Monoxide
Higher binding for Hgb than Oxygen Hypoxia - nausea, dizziness, LOC Remove from source and administer O2
63
Sources of CO
Car in garage, generators, wood burning fireplace
64
Sulfur dioxide
Irritant Chronic cardiopulmonary disease MC source is electricity
65
Nitrogen dioxide
Brown irritant gas Pulmonary edema and lung lesions
66
Ozone
Bluish irritant gas High voltage electrical equipment Respiratory tract issues
67
Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds
Formerly wide use industrial solvents Chloroform CNS depression, Liver/Kidney toxic, carcinogenic
68
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzenes Combustion, Liquids, Plastics CNS depression, bone marrow disease except for toluene (methyl) or xylene (dimethyl)
69
Organochlorides
Include DDT Cause CNS stimulation and enhanced tumor formation
70
Organophosphorics
Pesticides - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (cholinergic activity) Neurotoxic
71
Bipyridils
Reduce to free radicals = fatal to humans Hematemesis, bloody stools, resp distress, death Tx = absorption prevention; low success after absorption
72
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
Agent Orange Coma and muscle weakness Linked to non-hodgkins lymphoma
73
Glyphosate
Round Up Skin and eye irritant No tx
74
Lead
Past use in paint and gasoline, binds to Hb and initially impacts soft tissues then redistributed to bones, teeth, and hair, crosses placenta Neurotoxic (lead palsy), Decreases GFR, Carcinogenic, Colic Chelation of high levels
75
Mercury
Fish and vaccine preservatives Also in various industrial applications Acute cough followed by CNS toxicity, deficits, etc. Emesis or chelation suggested
76
Arsenic
Absorbed orally Hyperpigmentation, encephalopathy, neuropathy, Cramping and NVD Inhibits ATP and causes apoptosis Dimercaprol for acute effects!!
77
Polycarbonated biphenyls
Industrial fluids and lubricants, wax extenders, flame retardants Banned in 1977 but persist Derm issues, High TGs - possible immune toxicity and teratogenicity
78
Brominated flame retardants
Widespread exposure in all patients PBDEs can interfere with normal brain development and function
79
Perfluorinated compounds
Non stick, stain resistant and water resistant surfaces Liver toxicity, immune, tumors, high cholesterol, thyroid disease
80
When are fit-to-work exams done?
New position Follow up - ie. yearly Excuse employee or return to work Worker's comp claim Patient request
81
When can an applicant be refused a job
Health of employee is not compatible with working conditions and requirements cannot be reasonably altered
82
Steps of fit-to-work exams
Determine work conditions Determine health standards Determine employee health Make final decision
83
Spectrum of fitness to work
Fit to work Temporarily fit Fit subject to modifications Temporarily fit subject to modifications Temporarily unfit Permanently unfit
84
4 categories of workplace hazards
Physical Ergonomic Chemical Biological
85
Mesoamerican nephropathy
CKD in young agricultural workers due to heat stress and hypovolemia
86
Decibel level when OSHA regulations begin
85 - Right below a lawnmower, motorcycle, or power saw

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