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Professional Development > PD III FInal Exam Cards > Flashcards

PD III FInal Exam Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Race

A

A human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics

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2
Q

Ethnicity

A

A sizeable group of people sharing a common distinctive national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage

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3
Q

Culture

A

The collection of beliefs, customs, arts, norms, experiences, values, etc. of a particular racial, religious, or societal group

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4
Q

Cultural competency

A

As set of behaviors and attitudes within the business operation or system that respects and takes into account the person’s cultural background, beliefs, and values and incorporates it into the way healthcare is managed to that individual

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5
Q

Four basic steps in cross cultural communication

A

Identify core cross cultural issues
Explore meaning of the illness
Determine social context
Negotiate

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6
Q

Average life expectancy in america
Overall
White
Hispanic
Black
Male
Female

A

Overall - 78.6
White - 78.5
Hispanic - 81.8
Black - 74.9
Male - 76.1
Female - 81.1

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7
Q

Expected life expectancy overall with disability

A

65

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8
Q

Social determinants of health

A

Education access and quality
Healthcare access and quality
Economic stability
Social and community context
Neighborhood and built environment

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9
Q

Vulnerable population

A

One that experiences health disparities as a direct result of a lack of resources and/or an increased healthcare risk

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10
Q

Cultural destructiveness

A

Actively berating a person or community based on cultural background

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11
Q

Cultural incapacity

A

Willing to support culturally oriented practices but unable to actually provide support

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12
Q

Cultural blindness

A

Attempting to treat everyone the same regardless of culture - can miss key elements attributable to culture

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13
Q

Cultural precompetency

A

Recognize that culture is influential attempts to make some improvements and adaptations but has no plan for continuous improvement

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14
Q

Cultural proficiency

A

Values diversity, implements and evaluates ideas to improve culturally related care, educating on or researching cultural care

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15
Q

Disease vs. Illness

A

Disease - malfunctioning occuring at a physiologic level
Illness - Psychosocial experience and perceived meaning of the disease

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16
Q

Explanatory model of communication

A

8 Questions geared towards evaluating the patient’s beliefs about illness its etiology and what they want to do next

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17
Q

BATHE model of communication

A

Background
Affect
Trouble
Handling
Empathy
Elicits psychosocial context of an illness - can screen for depression

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18
Q

BELIEF model

A

Beliefs, Explanation, Learn, Impact, Empathy, Feelings
Similar to explanatory model, adds empathy for patient

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19
Q

ETHNIC model

A

Explanation, Treatment, Healers, Negotiate, Interventionm Collaboration
Invites discussion of alternative treatments

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20
Q

LEARN model

A

Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate
Geared towards cultural competence in particular - includes negotiation of treatment

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21
Q

4 Cs model

A

What do you CALL your problem
What do you think CAUSED your problem
How have you COPED with you condition
What CONCERNS do you have

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22
Q

Percent of patients that feel a provider should discuss spiritual issues

A

40%

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23
Q

HOPE model

A

Sources of HOPE, Organized religion, Personal practices, Effects on medical care

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24
Q

FICA model

A

Faith and Spirituality
Importance
Community
Address in care

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25
Q

SPIRIT model

A

Spiritual belief system
Personal spirituality
Integration within a spiritual community
Ritualized practices/Restriction
Implications
Terminal Illness

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26
Q

Hierarchy for medical interpretation

A

Bilingual clinician
In person interpreter
Remote interpreter
Family/Friend

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27
Q

Common forms of Mind-Body-Spirit medicine

A

Biofeedback
Hypnosis
Meditation
Relaxation techniques
Yoga, Tai Chi, Qi Gong

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28
Q

Osteopathic manipulation training

A

Manipulation of bones and soft tissue mostly used to treat MSK diseases

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29
Q

Chiropractics

A

5yrs of training - emphasis on spinal manipulation
Neck manipulation carries the highest risk

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30
Q

Naturopathy

A

4 yrs education
Emphasis on low doses of drugs, herbals, etc.
Mix of conventional and unconventional medicine - No accrediting body

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31
Q

Acupuncture

A

Use of disposable needles - should be single use!
Does have a physiologic effect
Low risk overall

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32
Q

Potential contraindications to performing massage

A

Blood clots, open wounds, infections, weakened bones, low platelet count, directly over tumors

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33
Q

Commonly used modalities of eastern medicine

A

Acupuncture
Moxibustion
Chinese herbal medicine
43 states require certification

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34
Q

Homeopathy

A

Heavily diluted compunds that cause the isue the patient is having. Only 3 states with licensure laws. 10^60th dilutions! Little evidence

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35
Q

Herbals and Supplements

A

Can only claim to promote normal body structure and function, not as regulated

36
Q

Echinachea

A

Improves immunity, prevents flu/cold
May worsen autoimmune disease

37
Q

Ginseng

A

Improves energy and mental health
May cause agitation/hypertension

38
Q

Ginko Balboa

A

Improves memory and circulation
Risk of bleeding/seizures

39
Q

Garlic

A

Used for heart disease, HLD, Colds, Bleeding risk, GI upset, Odor

40
Q

Saw palmetto

A

Used for BPH, may cause dizziness, HA, hormonal effects

41
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

Used for depression and as atopical antimicrobial
Many DDIs, dizziness, serotonin syndrome

42
Q

Black Cohosh

A

Helps with PMS and menopausal symptoms
Can stimulate hormone sensitive tissue and worsen endometriosis or fibroids

43
Q

Kava Kava

A

Used for anxiety and insomnia
Hepatotoxic

44
Q

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

A

Used for joint pain and OA
Risk of GI issues, shellfish allergy, drowsiness

45
Q

Fish Oil

A

Used for CHD, HTN, HF May cause GI upset, oily stool, burping, bleeding

46
Q

Coenzyme Q10

A

Used for HF, HTN, Statin induced myopathy, Migraine
Risk of mild heartburn and GI

47
Q

CBD therapy

A

Good evidence for treatment of epilepsy with some evidence for chronic pain, anxiety, insomnia
Not regulated - be careful

48
Q

Essential oils

A

Not well studied, may help as an adjunct for infections, psych, pain, or insomnia
May worsen hormonal issues or dyspnea

49
Q

Urine therapy

A

Unadvised - use of urine for healing in various forms

50
Q

Miracle mineral solution

A

Essentially a bleach solution - autism and cancer. Given orally or as an enema

51
Q

Laetrile/B17

A

Toxic “cancer” remedy
Basically cyanide

52
Q

Turpentine

A

Often recommended for candida infections
Can be seriously toxic
Pine tree essential oil

53
Q

Black salve

A

Bloodroot and zinc chloride
Actually destroys normal tissue with diseased/cancerous tissue

54
Q

5 Environmental carcinogens

A

Asbestos, Benzene, Triclosan, Coal, Arsenic

55
Q

5 Environmental diabetogenics

A

Triclosan, Flame retardants, Stain repellants, Nonstick, DDT

56
Q

5 Environmental toxins that may lead to neurocognitive impairment

A

Herbicides, Heavy metals, Triclosan, Teflon

57
Q

Environmental causes of vascular disease

A

Toxic metals

58
Q

Environmental causes of endocrine disruption

A

Pesticides, toxic metals, many others

59
Q

Acceptable daily intake

A

Daily intake that appears to be associated with minimal to no risk over the lifetime

60
Q

Biomagnification

A

Increased concentration of toxins in animals as one goes higher in the food chain

61
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

Intake of a toxin exceeds the body’s ability to dospose of it

62
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Higher binding for Hgb than Oxygen
Hypoxia - nausea, dizziness, LOC
Remove from source and administer O2

63
Q

Sources of CO

A

Car in garage, generators, wood burning fireplace

64
Q

Sulfur dioxide

A

Irritant
Chronic cardiopulmonary disease
MC source is electricity

65
Q

Nitrogen dioxide

A

Brown irritant gas
Pulmonary edema and lung lesions

66
Q

Ozone

A

Bluish irritant gas
High voltage electrical equipment
Respiratory tract issues

67
Q

Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds

A

Formerly wide use industrial solvents
Chloroform
CNS depression, Liver/Kidney toxic, carcinogenic

68
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Benzenes
Combustion, Liquids, Plastics
CNS depression, bone marrow disease except for toluene (methyl) or xylene (dimethyl)

69
Q

Organochlorides

A

Include DDT
Cause CNS stimulation and enhanced tumor formation

70
Q

Organophosphorics

A

Pesticides - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (cholinergic activity)
Neurotoxic

71
Q

Bipyridils

A

Reduce to free radicals = fatal to humans
Hematemesis, bloody stools, resp distress, death
Tx = absorption prevention; low success after absorption

72
Q

Chlorophenoxy herbicides

A

Agent Orange
Coma and muscle weakness
Linked to non-hodgkins lymphoma

73
Q

Glyphosate

A

Round Up
Skin and eye irritant
No tx

74
Q

Lead

A

Past use in paint and gasoline, binds to Hb and initially impacts soft tissues then redistributed to bones, teeth, and hair, crosses placenta
Neurotoxic (lead palsy), Decreases GFR, Carcinogenic, Colic
Chelation of high levels

75
Q

Mercury

A

Fish and vaccine preservatives
Also in various industrial applications
Acute cough followed by CNS toxicity, deficits, etc.
Emesis or chelation suggested

76
Q

Arsenic

A

Absorbed orally
Hyperpigmentation, encephalopathy, neuropathy, Cramping and NVD
Inhibits ATP and causes apoptosis
Dimercaprol for acute effects!!

77
Q

Polycarbonated biphenyls

A

Industrial fluids and lubricants, wax extenders, flame retardants
Banned in 1977 but persist
Derm issues, High TGs - possible immune toxicity and teratogenicity

78
Q

Brominated flame retardants

A

Widespread exposure in all patients
PBDEs can interfere with normal brain development and function

79
Q

Perfluorinated compounds

A

Non stick, stain resistant and water resistant surfaces
Liver toxicity, immune, tumors, high cholesterol, thyroid disease

80
Q

When are fit-to-work exams done?

A

New position
Follow up - ie. yearly
Excuse employee or return to work
Worker’s comp claim
Patient request

81
Q

When can an applicant be refused a job

A

Health of employee is not compatible with working conditions and requirements cannot be reasonably altered

82
Q

Steps of fit-to-work exams

A

Determine work conditions
Determine health standards
Determine employee health
Make final decision

83
Q

Spectrum of fitness to work

A

Fit to work
Temporarily fit
Fit subject to modifications
Temporarily fit subject to modifications
Temporarily unfit
Permanently unfit

84
Q

4 categories of workplace hazards

A

Physical
Ergonomic
Chemical
Biological

85
Q

Mesoamerican nephropathy

A

CKD in young agricultural workers due to heat stress and hypovolemia

86
Q

Decibel level when OSHA regulations begin

A

85 - Right below a lawnmower, motorcycle, or power saw

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