PD Head and Neck

Question 1

Common head and neck complaints

Answer 1

Trauma
Headache
Vision changes
diplopia
Otalgia
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Vertigo, dizziness, lightheaded
Syncope
Epistaxis
Sore throat
Changes in smell and taste
Swollen glands

Question 2

Name some vision changes

Answer 2

Hyperopia
Presbyopia
Myopia
Scotomas

Question 3

What are the bones of the face?

Answer 3

Frontal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Ehtmoid
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Mandible

Question 4

Innervation of facial muscles

Answer 4

CN V Trigeminal

CN VII Facial

Question 5

Blood supply to face

Answer 5

Temporal artery

Question 6

Salivary glands

Answer 6

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Question 7

Head position for inspection

Answer 7

Upright and still

Question 8

Bobbing or jerking during inspection

Answer 8

Tremor

Question 9

Nodding movement during inspection

Answer 9

Aortic insufficiency

Question 10

Head tilt during inspection

Answer 10

Favor unilateral hearing or vision loss

Toticolis

Question 11

Inspection of facial features

Answer 11

Symmetry
Shape
Tics
Characteristic facies
Unusual features

Question 12

Symmetry of facial features

Answer 12

Symmetry of eyelids, eyebrows, palpebral fissures, nasolabial folds, mouth

Question 13

Shape of face

Answer 13

Edema
Puffiness
Coarse features
Prominent eyes
Hirsuitism
Lack of expression
Muscle wasting
Diaphoresis
Pallor 
Pigmentation

Question 14

Tics

Answer 14

Spasmodic muscle contractions of head, neck, or face

Question 15

Inspection of skull

Answer 15

Size
Symmetry
Scales
Hair pattern
Trauma
Nits, parasites
Shape
Lesions

Question 16

Cushing syndrome

Causes

Answer 16

Effects of hypercortisolism (increased adrenal hormone production)

Adenoma or adenocarcinoma
Stimulation by excess ACTH from pituitary tumor
Corticosteroid therapy

Question 17

Features of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 17

Moon facies
Hirsuitism
Thick neck, central obesity with thin extremities
Purple striae
Pink cheeks
Buffalo hump
Peripheral edema

Question 18

Cause of myxedema

Answer 18

Severe hypothyroidism

Question 19

Features of myxedema

Answer 19

Round, puffy face
Dry, coarse, sparse hair
Periorbital edema
Slow speech
Hoarseness
Cold, dry, thick, scaling skin
Weight gain
Cold intolerance
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Hypothermia

Question 20

Features of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 20

Face edematous and pale
Swelling begins around eyes
Eyes may become slit like with severe edema

Question 21

Nephrotic syndrome is classified as proteinuria…

Answer 21

Proteinuria over 3 gm/dl

Question 22

Causes of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 22

Renal disease
DM
Idiopathic
Preeclampsia

Question 23

S&S with nephrotic syndrome

Answer 23

Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Lassitude

Question 24

Parkinson’s features

Answer 24

Mask like facies
Decreased facial mobility - blunted expression
Decreased blinking
Characteristic stare
Upper neck and trunk flexed forward
Patient seem to peer upward towards you
Facial skin is oily

Question 25

Bell's palsy features

Answer 25

``` Facial nerve palsy Asymmetry of one side of face Drooping of lower eyelid and corner of mouth Loss of nasolabial fold Inability to completely close eye ```

Question 26

Causes of bell's palsy

Answer 26

Idiopathic Viral infections Most common over 70

Question 27

What percentage of patients recover from bell's palsy?

Answer 27

85%

Question 28

Causes of parotid gland enlargement

Answer 28

Bacterial infection Mumps Neoplasm Cirrhosis

Question 29

Hurler syndrome features

Answer 29

``` Mucopolysaccharidoses Enlarged skull Low forehead Corneal clouding Short neck ```

Question 30

Craniosynostosis

Answer 30

Premature fusion of cranial sutures Sutures involved determine the shape of the head Not associated with mental retardation

Question 31

Microcephaly

Answer 31

Congenitally small skull | Associated with mental retardation and failure of brain to develop normally

Question 32

Down syndrome features

Answer 32

``` Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome) Depressed nasal bridge Monogoloid slant of eyes Low set ears Large tongue ```

Question 33

Fetal alcohol syndrome features

Answer 33

``` Small eye openings Hypoplastic philtrum Thin upper lip Flat mid face low nasal bridge Microceophaly ```

Question 34

Hyperthyroidism features

Answer 34

``` Prominent eyes Exopthalamos Lid lag Startled expression Thin, fine hair Moist, smooth skin ```

Question 35

Hippocartic facies features

Answer 35

``` Marked cachexia Sunken eyes, cheeks Temporal muscle wasting Sharp nose Dry, rough skin Seen in end stages of terminal illness or malnutrition ```

Question 36

Palpation of head and scalp

Answer 36

``` Symmetry Smoothness Hair texture Scalp movement Areas of tenderness, swelling, masses ```

Question 37

Scalp in hyper hypothyroidism

Answer 37

Hyper - fine and silky | Hypo - dry and coarse

Question 38

Which arteries do we palpate and where?

Answer 38

Temporal arteries - continuation of external carotid arteries anterior to the ear

Question 39

Palpation of temporal arteries

Answer 39

Thickening Decreased pulsations Tenderness

Question 40

Temporal arteritis features

Answer 40

``` Necrotizing vasculitits Persistent, severe, throbbing headache Hard and nodular Red and edematous Vision impaired, may cause blindness MS changes common ``` Idiopathic

Question 41

Palpation of TMJ

Answer 41

Open and close mouth Laterally back and forth Protrude and retract Note tenderness, popping, locking, crepitus

Question 42

What is a normal gap between upper and lower teeth for an open jaw?

Answer 42

3-6 cm

Question 43

How many cm is a normal lateral movement?

Answer 43

1-2 cm

Question 44

Palpation of salivary glands

Answer 44

Asymmetry Masses Tenderness Discharge through duct into mouth

Question 45

Other name for parotid duct

Answer 45

Stenson's duct

Question 46

Other name for submandibular duct

Answer 46

Wharton's duct

Question 47

Where does the parotid duct open in the mouth?

Answer 47

Opens in buccal mucosa adjacent to maxillary second molar

Question 48

Where does the submandibular duct open in the mouth?

Answer 48

Opens adjacent to the lingual frenulum

Question 49

Sialadentitis | Features

Answer 49

``` Bacterial infection of the gland Swelling Tenderness Pain with eating Fever Can milk pus through the affected duct ```

Question 50

Which ducts are the most common to get sialadentitis?

Answer 50

Parotid, then submandibular

Question 51

What bacteria is the most common cause of sialadentitis?

Answer 51

Staph aureus

Question 52

What are the risk factors for sialadentitis?

Answer 52

Dehydration Dry oral mucosa Sjogren's syndrome

Question 53

Sialolithiasis features

Answer 53

Postprandial pain and swelling | Sucurrent sialodentitis

Question 54

wharton's stones

Answer 54

Larger | Radiopaque

Question 55

Stenson's stones

Answer 55

Smaller | Radiolucent

Question 56

Repeated episodes of stone formation may necessitate...

Answer 56

Sialadenectomy

Question 57

Where is the most common salivary gland tumor? Are they malignant or benign?

Answer 57

80% in the parotid gland, and 80% are benign

Question 58

Presentation of salivary gland tumors

Answer 58

Asymptomatic mass | Facial nerve involvement strongly correlates with malignancy

Question 59

What is the choice imaging modality for salivary gland tumors?

Answer 59

MRI and CT

Question 60

Anterior triangle of the neck

Answer 60

SCM Midline Mandible

Question 61

Structures within anterior triangle

Answer 61

``` Hyoid bone Cricoid cartilage Trachea Thyroid Anterior cervical LN ```

Question 62

... artery and vein lie deep in the anterior triangle and run parallel to SCM

Answer 62

Internal jugular and carotid

Question 63

... crosses the surface of the SCM diagnoally

Answer 63

External jugular

Question 64

Posterior triangle of the neck

Answer 64

SCM Trapezius Clavicle

Question 65

Contents of posterior triangle

Answer 65

Cervical chains LN

Question 66

LN of head and neck

Answer 66

``` Preauricular Post auricular Occipital Tonsillar Submandibular Submental Superficial cervical Deep cervical Posterior cervical Supraclavicular ```

Question 67

History complaints with neck

Answer 67

``` Pain Stiffness Decreased ROM Dysphagia Masses, lumps, swelling Dyspnea Radiculopathies Thyroid over/under activity ```

Question 68

Inspection of neck

Answer 68

``` Symmetry of structures Deviation of trachea Masses Lesions Scars Jugular venous distension ROM ```

Question 69

Examples of masses in the neck

Answer 69

Carcionoma Branchial and thyroglossal duct cysts Lymph nodes

Question 70

Palpation of the neck

Answer 70

Trachea midline Hyoid bone Cartilage - thyroid, cricoid, tracheal rings Thyroid gland

Question 71

How do we palpate for a midline trachea?

Answer 71

Place finger along one side of trachea and note distance between it and SCM - should be equal

Question 72

Cause of trachea deviation

Answer 72

``` Pneumothorax Masses Unilateral thyroid enlargement (goiter) Aortic aneurysm Atelectasis ```

Question 73

Palpation of thyroid

Answer 73

Should be smooth and contender Should move under finger when pt swallows ``` Size Shape Consistency Configuration Tenderness Nodules ```

Question 74

What position do we inspect the thyroid?

Answer 74

Could be either facing patient or from behind

Question 75

When palpating the thyroid, fingers should be just below...

Answer 75

Cricoid cartilage

Question 76

When is the thyroid auscultated?

Answer 76

If enlarged

Question 77

Auscultation of thyroid - diaphragm or bell?

Answer 77

Bell

Question 78

Auscultation of thyroid

Answer 78

Hypermetabolic state has increased blood supply - bruit is heard

Question 79

Features of hyperthryoidism

Answer 79

``` Heat intolerance Weight loss Fine hair, hair loss Thinning hair Exopthalmos Lid retraction Goiter Tachycardia, palpitations Diarrhea, Increased B ```

Question 80

Features of hypothyroidism

Answer 80

``` Cold intolerance Weight gain Coarse hair, brittle hair Dry, flaky skin Periorbital puffiness No goiter Constipation Menorrhagia or amenorrhea Lethargic, but muscle strength usually intact ```

Question 81

Palpation of LN

Answer 81

``` Site Size Shape Warmth Tenderness Consistency - hard, soft, rubbery Mobility Discrete or matted Fluctuance, suppuration ```

Question 82

Features of infected LN

Answer 82

``` Soft Mobile Discrete Tender Warm ```

Question 83

Features of malignant LN

Answer 83

Hard Fixed Matted Non tender

Question 84

Thyroglossal duct cyst | Features

Answer 84

``` Remnant of embryologic development Common before 20 Midline neck mass Painless, could have discomfort with swallowing Fluctuant, soft, mobile mass ```

Question 85

Thyroglossal duct cyst cause and presentation with...

Answer 85

Noted during or after URI | May present with sinus or fistulous tract

Question 86

Tx thyroglossal duct cyst

Answer 86

Surgical excision

Question 87

Branchial cleft cysts

Answer 87

Congenital epithelial cysts | Common in early adulthood 20-30

Question 88

Features of branchial cleft cysts

Answer 88

``` Smooth Non tender Fluctuant Mass along anterior SCM May become tender and firm if secondarily infected Sinus tract may develop Odynophagia ```

Question 89

Tx of branchial cleft cysts

Answer 89

Surgical excision of non infected cyst and duct

Question 90

Torticollis aka...

Answer 90

Wryneck

Question 91

Congenital torticollis cause

Answer 91

Hematoma or partial rupture of SCM at birth results in unilateral muscle shortening

Question 92

Adult torticollis cause

Answer 92

``` Trauma to SCM Chronic spasm Infection Neoplasm psychiatric ```

Question 93

Ocular torticollis

Answer 93

Head position assumed to compensate for vertical squint or an ocular muscle palsy/imbalance

Question 94

History complaints of eyes

Answer 94

``` Red eyes Painful Change in visual acuity Pruritic Eye discharge Increased or decreased tearing Trauma Foreign body Diplopia Flashing lights, floaters ```

Question 95

Causes of red eyes

Answer 95

``` Conjunctivitis Allergies Glaucoma Iritis Trauma Foreign body Corneal abrasion/ulcer Environmental irritants ```

Question 96

Causes of painful eyes

Answer 96

``` Glaucoma Iritis Conjunctivitis Trauma Headaches Foreign body Corneal abrasion/ulcer Sinusitis Trachoma Entropion Hordeolum Chalazion Tumor Eye muscle strain Dry eyes ```

Question 97

Causes of pruritic eyes

Answer 97

``` Conjunctivitis Allergies Noxious stimuli Dry eyes Eye fatigue ```

Question 98

Causes of eye discharge

Answer 98

``` Conjunctivitis Trachoma Allergies Infection Foreign body ```

Question 99

Causes of increased tearing

Answer 99

``` Foreign body Trauma Allergies Infection Noxious stimuli Emotions ```

Question 100

Causes of decreased tearing

Answer 100

Fatigue Sjogren's syndrome Obstruction of tear ducts Trauma to CN VII

Question 101

Causes of loss of vision

Answer 101

``` Optic neuritis Detached retina Retinal hemorrhage Cataracts Macular degeneration Central retinal vascular occlusion Glaucoma Infection CVA Trauma Tumor Retinopathy ```

Question 102

Causes of diplopia

Answer 102

``` Head trauma Cranial nerve palsy Poor ocular muscle coordination Opthalmoplegia Tumor Cataracts Retinal detachment Central retinal venous occlusion Migraine MS ```

Question 103

External eye inspection

Answer 103

Symmetry Eyebrows Eyelids

Question 104

PERRLA

Answer 104

Pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation

Question 105

Palpation of eye

Answer 105

Nodules | Tenderness

Question 106

Ptosis

Answer 106

Dropping of upper eyelid

Question 107

Causes of ptosis

Answer 107

Muscular weakness (myasthenia gravis) Damage to CN III Interference with sympathetic nerves (Horner's syndrome)

Question 108

Exopthalmus | Causes

Answer 108

Widened palpebral fissures Bulging of the eyes Hyperthyroid, Grave's disease

Question 109

Ectropion

Answer 109

Excessive laxity or sagging of lower eyelid

Question 110

Cause of ectropion

Answer 110

Common in elderly | Trauma to nerve

Question 111

What happens when the punctum is turned outward in ectropion?

Answer 111

Tearing may be present due to abnormal drainage

Question 112

Entropion | Complications

Answer 112

Lower eyelid and lashes roll inwards Common in elderly Can cause inflammation and trauma to cornea

Question 113

Periorbital edema causes

Answer 113

``` Infection (cellulitis) Crying Allergies Myxedema Nephrotic syndrome CHF Trauma ```

Question 114

Herniated fat pad

Answer 114

Swelling under eye due to fat accumulation | Common in elderly, may result from trauma

Question 115

Dacrocystitis

Answer 115

Pain, swelling of the lacrimal sac due to infection or trauma Pressure on sac may produce purulent drainage

Question 116

Xanthelasma | Associated with...

Answer 116

Raised yellow plaques found on the nasal aspect of upper and lower eyelids Hyperlipidemia

Question 117

Hordeolum

Answer 117

Sty Pustule on the lid margin, forms when sebaceous gland near the hair follicle is inflamed Hyperemia and swelling Rupture and heal on its own

Question 118

Chalazion

Answer 118

Acute inflammation of Meibomian gland | Deeper, more chronic than hordeolum

Question 119

When do we inspect the upper conjunctivae?

Answer 119

If a foreign body is suspected

Question 120

Method of inspecting conjunctivae

Answer 120

Cotton swab, gently press onto surface of upper eyelid Patient looks down Gently grab rim of eyelid Break suction and pull lid up over cotton swab

Question 121

Conjunctivitis Causes

Answer 121

Pink eye Allergies Bacterial Viral Foreign body

Question 122

Features of conjunctivitis

Answer 122

Red eyes from hyperemia of conjunctival vessels Crusting of eyes Exudate Burning

Question 123

Conjunctival petechiae causes

Answer 123

Finding in endocarditis from emboli | Seen with bleeding disorders or sudden change in venous pressure

Question 124

Causes of subconjunctival hemorrhage

Answer 124

Trauma Bleeding DO Sudden increase in venous pressure Sponatneous

Question 125

Pinguecula

Answer 125

Normal, slightly raised fatty structure under conjunctiva between the canthus and limbus, usually nasal side

Question 126

Pterygium

Answer 126

Chronic inflammation extends a vascular membrane over the limbus towards the center of the cornea Benign, but vision may be obstructed

Question 127

Where is pterygium more common? | Causes

Answer 127

Southwest, patients older than 35 Nasal side Wind and dust irritation

Question 128

Arcus senilis

Answer 128

Gray band of opacity in the cornea is separated from the limbus by a narrow clear zone Bilateral Due to deposits of lipids No effect on vision

Question 129

Causes of corneal abrasion or ulcer

Answer 129

Infection - bacterial, viral, or fungal | Abrasion/injury

Question 130

S&S of corneal abrasion/ulcer

Answer 130

``` Pain - superficial Circumcorneal injection Vision usually decreased Photophobia Watery or purulent drainage ```

Question 131

Hyphema

Answer 131

Blood in anterior chamber

Question 132

Hyphema causes

Answer 132

Trauma Bleeding DO Increase in venous pressure

Question 133

Hypopyon

Answer 133

Pus in anterior chamber

Question 134

Lens

Answer 134

Made of water and protein Posterior to iris and pupil Transparent

Question 135

Cataract

Answer 135

Protein clumps together and clouds the lens

Question 136

Causes of cataracts

Answer 136

``` Congenital from rubella or CMV DM Steroids Trauma Advancing age ```

Question 137

S&S of cataracts

Answer 137

Slow blurring of vision over months to years One or both eyes No pain, redness, or discharge

Question 138

Pupil inspection

Answer 138

Size Symmetry Roundness Reactivity to light and accommodation

Question 139

Miosis

Answer 139

2 mm or less

Question 140

Mydriasis

Answer 140

6 mm or greater

Question 141

Iritis | Causes

Answer 141

``` Inflammation of iris due to infection Surgery Injury Systemic conditions: IBD Sarcoidosis RA Reiter's syndrome Lupus ```

Question 142

S&S of iritis

Answer 142

``` Pain No discharge Ciliary infection Decreased vision Pupil irregular, sluggish Photophobia ```

Question 143

Anisocoria | When is it benign

Answer 143

Difference in pupil size Normal variant in about 20% of population If pupillary reactions are normal, considered benign

Question 144

When is anisocoria serious?

Answer 144

Horner's syndrome Oculomotor nerve palsy Glaucoma

Question 145

Pupillary reactions

Answer 145

Should dilate with light on same side and consensually

Question 146

When do we test accommodation?

Answer 146

If abnormal pupil response to light

Question 147

What do pupils do during accommodation tests?

Answer 147

Should constrict when looking at close object and dilate when looking far away

Question 148

What conditions may cause an abnormal pupillary reaction but normal accommodation?

Answer 148

DM | Syphilis

Question 149

Where is corneal reflection seen?

Answer 149

Slightly nasal to the center of pupils

Question 150

Why do we pause at extreme upward and lateral gazes during the H pattern?

Answer 150

To detect nystagmus

Question 151

Blink reflex (4)

Answer 151

Closing the eye is accomplished by muscles innervated by CN VII Light touch to cornea will cause blink mediated by CN V Loud noise will cause blinking by CN VIII Bright light will cause blinking by CN III

Question 152

Which axons remain ipsilateral a and which cross?

Answer 152

Temporal remain ipsilateral | Nasal axons cross at optic chiasm

Question 153

What does the image appear as on the retina?

Answer 153

Reversed and inverted

Question 154

Where does the temporal retina see? Nasal retina?

Answer 154

Temporal retina sees over the nose | Nasal retina sees out to the sides

Question 155

Which occipital cortex sees the right world?

Answer 155

Left cortex

Question 156

Confrontation Test

Answer 156

Gross defects in visual fileds | Cover eye and slowly bring fingers from hand from periphery towards the center until the patient can see

Question 157

How many directions do we do the confrontation test from?

Answer 157

4 directions

Question 158

Homonymous

Answer 158

Loss of same visual field in both eyes

Question 159

Heteronymous

Answer 159

Different visual field loss in each eye

Question 160

Hemianopsia

Answer 160

Half of visual field is lost in both eyes

Question 161

Quadrantanopsia

Answer 161

1/4 of visual field is lost

Question 162

What two charts do we use to screen visual acuity?

Answer 162

Snellen | Rosenbaum pocket chart

Question 163

What do the first and second numbers mean in 20/40?

Answer 163

Patient is 20 feet from the chart | A normal person can read the line from 40 feet away

Question 164

Myopia

Answer 164

Nearsightedness | Eyeball and or cornea is elongated, focusing light rays before the retina

Question 165

Myopia - red or green diopters

Answer 165

Red

Question 166

Hyperopia

Answer 166

Eyeball and or cornea is shallower, focusing lights rays behind the retina

Question 167

Hyperopnia - red or green diopters

Answer 167

Green diopters

Question 168

Astigmatism

Answer 168

Cornea is irregularly shaped Light rays can focus anywhere Difficulty seeing near and far

Question 169

Astigmatism - red or green diopters?

Answer 169

Diopter setting varies

Question 170

Retinal detachment features

Answer 170

Blurring of vision unilaterally "Curtain covering eye" No pain, swelling, redness, or discharge Seen with fundoscopy

Question 171

Where is the most common site for retinal detachment? | Who commonly suffers?

Answer 171

Superior temporal area | Older than 50

Question 172

Central vision remains intact with retinal detachment until...

Answer 172

Macula detaches

Question 173

Central and branch retinal artery occlusion features

Answer 173

Sudden profound vision loss | Retinal swelling

Question 174

Amaurosis fugax

Answer 174

Fleeting blindness - seconds to minutes Curtain coming over eye vertically No major fundoscopic findings

Question 175

Causes of amaurosis fugax

Answer 175

70% have ipsilateral carotid stenosis | Think cardiac dz, a fib

Question 176

Optic neuritis | Features

Answer 176

Blurring of vision unilaterally Develops rapidly Pain in region of eye with eye movement Optic disc appears swollen

Question 177

Causes of optic neuritis

Answer 177

MS Viral infection Autoimmune disorder

Question 178

Tx for optic neuritis

Answer 178

Steroids - IV then PO

Question 179

Fundoscopic exam allows for the visualization of...

Answer 179

Retinal background Macula Optic disc/cup Vessels

Question 180

What is the first thing to visualize on fundoscopy?

Answer 180

Red reflex

Question 181

What do opacities in the path of the light on red reflex appear as?

Answer 181

Black densities

Question 182

Causes of lack of red reflex

Answer 182

Ill positioned scope Large cataracts Hemorrhage into vitreous humor

Question 183

Color of fundus

Answer 183

Pink or yellow background

Question 184

Which settings do you use if patient is myopic? Hyperopic?

Answer 184

Myopic - Red, minus lens | Hyperopic - Green, plus lens

Question 185

Vessels branch to or away from the optic disc?

Answer 185

Vessels branch away from optic disc

Question 186

Difference between arteries and veins

Answer 186

Arteries are smaller and brighter red

Question 187

Disc margin

Answer 187

Sharp and well defined

Question 188

Macula features

Answer 188

Darker in color that surrounding retinal background Usually about 1 disc diameter in size 2 DD temporal to the disc

Question 189

Fovea centralis

Answer 189

Centermost point of macula, does not contain rods

Question 190

Optic disc/cup

Answer 190

Most prominent landmark Round or oval Nasal side Vessels from all 4 quadrants emerge

Question 191

How large is the cup in comparison to the disc?

Answer 191

Cup should not be more than 1/2 disc diameter in size

Question 192

What does the disc look like in papilledema?

Answer 192

Loss of disc margins

Question 193

Causes of papilledema

Answer 193

``` Increase IC pressure Head trauma Tumor Increased intraocular pressure Glaucoma Bleeds ```

Question 194

Hypertensive retinopathy features

Answer 194

Exudates Flame hemorrhages Increased arterial reflex

Question 195

Cotton wool spots | Causes

Answer 195

Irregular white/gray lesions with irregular borders Infarcted nerve fibers Seen in HTN

Question 196

Hard exudates | Causes

Answer 196

Creamy, yellow lesions with well defined borders, small and round Clusters DM or HTN

Question 197

Drusen bodies | Cause

Answer 197

Yellowish round spots Tiny in size Due to lipid deposits Appear with normal aging

Question 198

Proliferative Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 198

New vessels on disc Multiple hemorrhages Dilation of retinal veins

Question 199

Retinoblastoma

Answer 199

Malignant retinal tumor that develops in children