PCM 1-4TH BIMEX Flashcards
1
Q
Active listening skills is very important during
physical examination
assessment
laboratory examinations
history taking
A
history taking
2
Q
In the five stage cycle stage 5 is about
independence
coupling or marriage
retirement or senior years
parenting babies thru adolescence
A
retirement or senior years
3
Q
What statement is not true for family medicine?
Family medicine is a family practice
it is patient centered and family oriented
mostly in community based clinics
it is synonymous to Public Health
A
it is synonymous to Public Health
4
Q
The Family Life Cycle is a very important concept essential in understanding the health and illness responses of the patient and their families. In this aspect, the most widely used model is the
six stage cycle
five stage cycle
nine stage cycle
eight stage cycle
A
six stage cycle
5
Q
According to Philadelphia University one of these is not a characteristic that delineates a family AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM
interdependence
adaptive
maintenance and boundaries
intra-dependence
A
intra-dependence
6
Q
“Putting yourself in the shoe of the other person” so that you can see what he sees and feel what he feels is
sympathy
empathy
compassion
courtesy
A
empathy
7
Q
Refers to the way a person uses his body to communicate the message non-verbally that “I am listening to you”
bracketing
leading
probing
attending skills
A
attending skills
8
Q
What do you think is not included in the plan of management of a patient?
follow-up diagnostic tests
review previous laboratory data
non-pharmacologic intervention like patient counseling
referral to other specialties when warranted
A
review previous laboratory data
9
Q
The following are the recommendations that the doctor must adapt when doing a patient centered medical interview except
maintain a distance of 90 - 150 cm.
sit an angle 90 - 150 degrees
chairs in the room are of the same height
for individual patient maintain a distance of 250 cm. or more
A
for individual patient maintain a distance of 250 cm. or more
10
Q
What is not a CONTENT in history taking?
chief complaint
personal history
family history
assessment
A
assessment
11
Q
A condition as perceived by a sick person is called a/an
disease
illness
both are correct
both are incorrect
A
illness
12
Q
What is not a component of intra-familial factors influencing how families cope with illness?
family resources
degree of family functionality
family life cycle
stigma associated with the disease
A
stigma associated with the disease
13
Q
What is the level of involvement of the physicians with families when the physicians “provide an ongoing medical intervention and advice”?
level 1
level 2
level 4
level 5
A
level 2
14
Q
In the family illness trajectory, stage 2 is about
major therapeutic effects
recovery phase
impact phase in reaction to diagnosis
onset of symptoms and illness
A
impact phase in reaction to diagnosis
15
Q
Commonly used when the need for care is long and lasts a lifetime such as in the case of chronically ill, terminally ill or hospice care patients
Family APGAR
Family Map
Family SCREEM
Family Genogram
A
Family SCREEM
16
Q
What family assessment tool is designed to reflect relationship and interaction pattern?
Family Genogram
Family Map
Family APGAR
Family SCREEM
A
Family Map
17
Q
What component of APGAR” it is the loving and caring relationship of the family”?
adaptation
partnership
growth
affection
A
affection
18
Q
religious leader wants all sect members and their respective families to live with him and his wife until the time of his death is an example of what family structure?
nuclear
extended
blended
communal
A
communal
19
Q
The reason why a patient seeks consultation to a physician is due to
biomedical reason only
psychosocial reason only
bio psycho-medical reason
none of the above
A
bio psycho-medical reason
20
Q
The main strategy identified to reach the goal which is “Towards a Family Centered and Community Health Care is
Primary Health Care Fourmula One for Health Health for All and All for Health Universal Health Care
A
Primary Health Care
21
Q
This is the vision statement of the 4 Strategic Plans in 2011 - 2015
A. Leading in the promotion of holistics care by competent and socially responsive Family Medicine Specialists
B. Achieving the unifying vision of a “ Filipino Family Physician for every Filipino Family”
C. Aims to produce every Filipino a Family Physician to attain optimum family health
D. Providing a family physician for every Filipino and his family to attain optimum health through a holistic approach
A
B. Achieving the unifying vision of a “ Filipino Family Physician for every Filipino Family”
22
Q
Which is not included as a key player in the development of family medicine as one of the recognize medical specialties in the Philippines?
A. Philippine Academy of Family Physicians
B. Philippine Society of Teachers of Family Medicine
C. Department of family and Community Medicine of the College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital - University of the Philippines, Manila
D. Philippine Medical Association
A
Philippine Medical Association
23
Q
What was the year the Family Medicine in the Philippines was recognize as a specialty?
1990
1980
2000
1970
A
1970
24
Q
The content and focus of care of a 5 star doctor are the following except
church
individual
family
community
A
church
25
What is the main strategy identified to reach the goal "Towards a Family Centered and Community Centered Health Care"
Thru Universal Health Care
Thru Health Sector Reform Agenda
Thru Fourmula One for Health
Thru Primary Health Care
Thru Primary Health Care
26
What core values that says "Getting the best in health services must not just be the privilege of a few but must be the right of everyone"
Quality
Relevance
Equity
Cost Effectiveness
Equity
27
Which statement is false as to the roles of a five star doctor according to the DOH-APMC in the year 2000?
care provider
decision maker
researcher
teacher
decision maker
28
Which subject is not included in the core curriculum in community Medicine?
Biostatistics
Epidemiology
Research
Patient-Doctor Relationship
Patient-Doctor Relationship
29
A specialty of medicine concerned with providing comprehensive care to individuals and families
Family Medicine
Community Medicine
Internist
Surgeon
Family Medicine
30
One of these is not a principle in Family Medicine
A. Family physician must be a skilled clinician
B. Doctor-Patient Relationship is central to Family Medicine
C. Family Medicine is a community based discipline
D. Uses the ecological model in the analysis and intervention phases for health promotion
D. Uses the ecological model in the analysis and intervention phases for health promotion
31
Show sensitivity to health beliefs, re-enforce positive knowledge and correct misconceptions
teacher/educator
leader/manager
social mobilizer
Other:
teacher/educator
32
Health care provider should realize that the transaction should be seen as a therapeutic triad among
Doctor, patient and community
Doctor, patient and family
patient, family and comunity
family, community and significant others
Doctor, patient and family
33
A ravaging typhoon strikes a depressed community in the coastal town of Leyte. Approximately 30 families are left without shelter. which best reaction demonstrate the community preparedness?
A. community leaders activate the community based disaster risk reduction and management council
B. community leaders contact the national government for disaster relief
C. relief volunteers help in sorting and packaging canned sardines, instant noodles and rice
D. typhoon victims are sent to public elementary schools used as evacuation centers
A. community leaders activate the community based disaster risk reduction and management council
34
Which of the following is the most effective measure to prevent or reduce the high density of mosquitos in the community with increasing incidence of dengue cases?
prevent breeding places through sanitary refuse disposal
use insect sprays
use fly swatters/papers
prevent breeding places through sanitary refuse disposal
35
What do you call a combination of liquid wastes or water carried discharges conducted away from the residences and other institution together with such ground surface water or rain water as may be present is known as
sewage
garbage
refuse
rubbish
sewage
36
The first step to take by the RHU physician when promoting the health of the individual, family and community is
to establish a registry of families
to conduct family census
to do health assessment
to organize the community
to do health assessment
37
The Bruguda syndrome links the condition to cardiac arrhythmias previously called hemorrhagic pancreatitis. What is the condition referred by the Bruguda syndrome?
Bangungot
Amok
Latah
Usug
Bangungot
38
What is the causation theories where illness is caused by purposeful act of a supernatural being like aswang or engkantada?
Mystical theories of illness causation
Personalistic theories of illness causation
Naturalistic theories of illness causation
All are correct
Personalistic theories of illness causation
39
In this life stage, the focus shifts towards sexuality, gender identity and reproductive health issues
Elderly
Childhood
Adulthood
Adolescence
Adolescence
40
Health by the people means health has now evolved to become the responsibility of every individual in the community. It is the highest and most effective PHC model with the greatest level of people participation
Hospital or Clinic Based PHC model
Community Oriented PHC model
Community Based PHC model
Community Manage PHC Model
Community Manage PHC Model
41
Republic Act 7875 refers to
National Health Insurance Law
Philippine Medical Care Act
Traditional Alternative and Health Care Act
Food and Drug Act
National Health Insurance Law
42
Two psycho-social issues that have a great impact on adult health
Smoking and Alcohol Intake
Smoking and Drug Addiction
Alcohol Intake and Drug Addiction
HIV/AIDS and drug Addiction
Smoking and Alcohol Intake
43
Scheper-Hughes in 1987 described our bodies into 3. What do you call the body perceived in relation to its relationship with nature, society and culture?
body politic
Individual body
Social body
Spiritual Body
Social body
44
What disease "Ahas' literally refers to the serpentine shaped skin lesions?
Herpes
Vitamin A deficiency
Heat stroke
Severe pneumonia
Herpes
45
A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international Public Health established on April 7, 1948.
UNESCO
World Health Organization (WHO)
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
Department of Health (DOH)
World Health Organization (WHO)
46
The state shall established and maintained an effective food and drug regulation system and undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country's health needs and problems
Section 13, Article XIII
Section 12, Article XIII
Section 11, Article XIII
Section 15, Article XIII
Section 12, Article XIII
47
What is Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 5 all about?
Reduced Child Mortality
Reversed the Spread of HIV/AIDS, Malaria and infectious Diseases
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Improved Maternal Health
Improved Maternal Health
48
Integrates the Public Health Office and hospital Services under ine office and one building called the Integrated Provincial Health Offices
1988 RA 6675 the Generics Actt
1079 Primary Health Care
1983 Executive Order 851
Rural Health Act of 1954
1983 Executive Order 851
49
Transferred the responsibility of health service provision to the local government units by way of devolution
RA 7160 Local Government Code
RA9875 National Health Insurance Act
RA 6675 the Generic Acts
Rural Health Act of 1954
RA 7160 Local Government Code
50
The title of the Philippine Health Agenda of the DOH in this present administration is
Health Sector Reform Agenda
Universal Health Care for Filipinos
Fourmula One for Health
All for Health towards Health for All
All for Health towards Health for All
51
What do you think is left under the direct control of the DOH with devolution?
Tertiary Hospitals at the National and Regional Levels
Provincial Hospitals
District Hospitals
City and Municipal Health Centers and Barangay Health Centers
Tertiary Hospitals at the National and Regional Levels
52
What do you think is the role of the LGU's in the municipalities and cities after the devolution?
Developing Health Policies and Programs
Health Promotion and Preventive Units
Developing and Enforcing Regulatory Policies and Standards
Providing Specialized and Tertiary Level of Care
Health Promotion and Preventive Units
53
What is the DOH thrusts from 2010 - 2016 called?
Kalusugan Para Sa Masa
Fourmula one for Health
Kalusugan Pangkalahatan
Health Sector Reform Agenda
Kalusugan Pangkalahatan
54
Who manages and supervises the administrative function of District Hospitals?
City Government
Municipal Government
Regional Health Office
Provincial Government
Provincial Government
55
Prioritizes the 8 Essential Elements of Health Care
Rural Health Act of 1954
EO 851 which is the integration of the Provincial Health Office
Primary Health Care of 1979
RA 7160 the Local Government Code
Primary Health Care of 1979
56
Branch of Medicine which deals with the study of the provisions of preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and evaluation of services to the community through organize health care delivery system
Family Medicine
Community Medicine
Social Medicine
Specialty medicine
Community Medicine
57
All population have access to appropriate and cost effective care
Assessment
Policy development
Assurance
All of the above are correct
Assurance
58
Which do you think is not true for secondary prevention among the statements?
action which halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage
one of its objective is to prevent the spread of the disease by curing all the known cases
one of its intervention is individual or mass case findings
to provide measures available to reduce or limit impairment
to provide measures available to reduce or limit impairment
59
A new approach to health care which integrates at the community level all the factors required for improving thye health status of the population.
Primary health care
Millennium Development Goals
Sustainable Development Goals
All are correct
Primary health care
60
He discovered typhoid fever
John Snow
Sydenham
William Bud
James Lind
William Bud
61
Who formulated the theory of Contagion?
Paracelsus
Vasaleus
Fracastorius
Ambroise Pare
Fracastorius
62
A comprehensive approach to health prevention requires environmental modification. Which of the statements is not an environmental modification?
Provision of safe water
Control of insect and rodents
Improvement of housing
Provision of chemotherapeutic drugs
Provision of chemotherapeutic drugs
63
Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in population groups in which they have not appeared yet.
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Primordial prevention
Primordial prevention
64
The basic science of public health because it provides the first indication of the nature of the new disease.
Biostatistics
Epidemiology
Preventive Medicine
Family medicine
Epidemiology
65
Seeks to minimize the severity of illness or the damage to an injury causing event once the event has occurred
secondary prevention
primary prevention
primordial prevention
tertiary prevention
secondary prevention
66
Restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood
medical rehabilitation
social rehabilitation
vocational rehabilitation
psychological rehabilitation
vocational rehabilitation
67
Built aqueducts to transport water from miles away and built sewer system
Greeks
Jews
Egyptians
Romans
Romans
68
A medical dictator with specialty in Anatomy and Physiology
Koch
Galen
Hippocrates
Jenner
Galen
69
What domain determined the heath status characterized by diet, physical activity, substance used and abused?
Genetic make up
Social circumstances
Environmental conditions
Behavioral choices
Behavioral choices
70
Action of society taken collectively to achieved the desired condition in which people can be healthy
Individual Health
Family Health
Community Heath
organizational Health
Community Heath
71
The earliest written record of public health that included laws for the physician and his practice
Book of Leviticus
Option 2Observatuion in the Book of Mubali
Code of Hammurabi
None is correct
Code of Hammurabi
72
What core function in public health does evaluating the effectiveness and quality of population based health services belong
Assessment
Policy Development
Assurance
None of the above
Assurance
73
James Lind
prevention of scurvy by use of fresh vegetables
vaccination against smallpox
Golden Age of Bacteriology
Epidemiology of Cholera
prevention of scurvy by use of fresh vegetables
74
Louis Pasteur
report sanitary conditions of the laboring population
discovered typhoid fever
circulation of blood, moicroscope and vaccination against smallpox
Advanced the Germ Theory of Disease
Advanced the Germ Theory of Disease
75
Any loss of abnormality of psychological, physiological and emotional structures or function
Impairment
Disabilities
Rehabilitation
Handicap
Impairment
76
During the latent stage of the disease the level of prevention is
primary
primordial
secondary
tertiary
secondary
77
Which statement is true for primordial prevention?
A. prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors
B. actions taken prior to the onset of the disease
C. action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage
D. when the disease process has advanced beyond its early stages
A. prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors
78
Disability is
A. any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure and function
B. any restriction to perform an activity within the range considered normal for the human being
termed as a disadvantage for a given individual
C. combined measures for training and restoring the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability
B. any restriction to perform an activity within the range considered normal for the human being
termed as a disadvantage for a given individual
79
The Papyrus recording occurs during the
Egyptian medicine
Indian medicine
Mesopotamian medicine
Greek medicine
Egyptian medicine
80
Andreas Vasaleus was the
Father of Surgery
Designed the true clinical materials of the circulation of blood
Theory of Contagion
First man of modern science who raised the study of Anatomy
First man of modern science who raised the study of Anatomy
81
John Snow was responsible for the
Discovery of typhoid fever
First medical officer in London responsible for sanitary reform
advanced the germ Theory of disease
Epidemiology of cholera
Epidemiology of cholera
82
Which statement is False as to the goals of Community Medicine?
to identify health problems and needs (Community Diagnosis)
to conduct Community Organizing
to Plan and Implement Measures (Community Health Care/Services)
to evaluate extent of effectiveness (Health Care Evaluation)
to conduct Community Organizing
83
He is known as the Father of Surgery
Paracelsus
Ambroise Pare
Fracastorius
Andreas vasaleus
Ambroise Pare
84
3. Who discovered vaccination against smallpox?
Edward Jenner
James Lind
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
Edward Jenner
85
Secondary prevention are
A. preventive measuresthat lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease
B. preventive measures that forestall the illness or injury
C. measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
D. None are correct
preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease
86
Assurance is one of the core function in public health that
does evaluating the effectiveness and quality of population based health services
monitor health and disease
inform and educate, empower
mobilize community partnership
does evaluating the effectiveness and quality of population based health services
???
87
Mayo clinic diet recommends
a diet plan
a physical activity plan
a lifestyle modification plan
only A and B is correct
only A and B is correct
| ???
88
As a resource person, you discussed about the contraceptive methods. Which of these listed below is the least effective?
oral contraceptives
tubal ligation
condom
intra-uterine device
condom
| ???
89
The patient was paralyzed from the waist down and was scheduled for periodic rehabilitation
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
none of the above
tertiary prevention
90
The incoming passenger was put in quarantine
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
all of the above
secondary prevention
| ?
91
Vaccinating a health care worker against COVID 19.
tertiary prevention
primary prevention
secondary prevention
primordial prevention
primary prevention
92
Performing angioplasty in a patient with heart disease
primordial prevention
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
tertiary prevention
93
Vector control
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
all are correct
primary prevention
94
Selective examinations like mammography
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
none of the above
secondary prevention
95
Use of condoms during sexual intercourse
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
all of the above
primary prevention
96
Concerned with the health of a specific population group
Community medicine
Family medicine
none of the above
Option 4
Community medicine
97
Health assessment and maintenance of an individual
Community Medicine
Family Medicine
Both are correct
Option 4
Family Medicine
98
The setting is mostly community based clinics
Community Medicine
Family Medicine
None of the above
Option 4
Family Medicine
99
Examples of modalities for intervention include immunizations
Community medicine
Family medicine
Option 3
Option 4
Community medicine
100
The goals of prevention is empowerment
Community medicine
Family medicine
none of the above
Option 4
Community medicine
101
If the factor is present the probability that the effect will occur is increased
sufficient cause
necessary cause
risk factor
indirectly causal association
risk factor
102
A systematic distortion found especially in
retrospective studies
recall bias
measurement bias
allocation bias
confounding
recall bias
103
A phenomenon in which a third variable alters the direction or strength of association between two other variables
synergism
effect modification
confounding
random error
effect modification
104
If the factor (cause) is present, the effect (disease) will always occur
necessary cause
sufficient cause
risk factor
none of the above
sufficient cause
105
The greater the causal factor the greater the effect
dose response relationship
consistency
specificity
strength
dose response relationship
106
Systematic distortion of study data and an example is weighing the subjects in a study which they are fully dressed
random error
confounding
measurement bias
effect modification
measurement bias
107
A statistical and causality where the difference is large
strength
specificity
consistency
biologic plausibility
strength
108
A third variable that is associated with the exposure variable and outcome variable
random error
confounding
synergism
none of the above
confounding
109
Factor must be present for the effect to occur. Cause maybe present without the disease occurring
necessary cause
sufficient cause
directly causal association
indirectly causal association
necessary cause
110
Statistical association and causality is always found
biologic plausibility
dose response relationship
consistency
specificity
consistency
111
What do you call the causal relationship when the factor exerts its effect in the absence of intermediary factors?
direct causal association
indirect causal association
non-causal association
none of the above
direct causal association
112
Interaction of two or more presumably causal variable so that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects
synergism
recall bias
confounding
none of the above
synergism
113
No association is found if the causal factor is not present
specificity
consistency
biologic plausibility
none of the above
specificity
114
A non-differential error that produced findings that is too high or too low
measurement bias
random error
confounding
none of the above
random error
115
Factor exerts its effect via intermediary factors
non-causal association
direct causal association x
indirect causal association x
none of the above
none of the above
| ????
116
The statistical association and causality makes sense based on the current knowledge
biologic plausibility
dose response relationship
consistency
specificity
biologic plausibility
117
Rules that govern the process of collecting and arranging data for analysis
descriptive research
research design
hypothesis generation
hypothesis testing
research design
118
Process of developing a list of possible candidates for the causes of the disease and obtaining initial evidence that supports one or more of these candidates
hypothesis testing
hypothesis generation
research design
descriptive research
hypothesis generation
119
A common type of study or research design used in epidemiology that are useful for measuring current health status and planning for some health services. It is also useful for determining the prevalence of risk factors and the frequency of prevalent cases of some diseases for a defined population.
cross sectional surveys
cohort studies
case-control studies
randomized controlled trials
cross sectional surveys
120
It is done to test PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION on well persons in the COMMUNITY.
randomized FIELD CONTROL trials (RCFT)
randomized CONTROLLED CLINICAL trials
both answers are correct
randomized FIELD CONTROL trials (RCFT)
121
The study groups are assembled by the investigator in the present time, collects baseline data on them, and continues to collect data for a period that can last many years
retrospective cohort study
case-control studies
prospective cohort study
cross sectional study
prospective cohort study
122
What are the two high risk factors that will result to a cardiovascular disease within 8 years on a 45 year old man?
smoker and high cholesterol diet
smoker and severe hypertension
glucose intolerance and high cholesterol level
severe hypertension and high cholesterol level
severe hypertension and high cholesterol level
123
The basic goal of epidemiologic research is to
compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure or outcome
eliminate all bias
establish causality
reject null hypothesis
compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure or outcome
124
The best design for testing hypothesis is a
case-control study
cross sectional survey
longitudinal ecologic study
randomized controlled study
randomized controlled study
125
Cross sectional surveys are subject to the Neyman bias, or late look bias. this may be explained as the tendency to
A. detect only the late stages of a disease when manifestations are more severe
B. detect the more indolent cases of a disease preferentially
C. detect fatal illness preferentially
D. detect only thye cases of a disease that are asymptomatic
detect the more indolent cases of a disease preferentially
126
Which statement do you think is not true for CROSS SECTIONAL Surveys?
useful for determining the prevalence of risk factors
useful for measuring current health status-correct
useful for planning for some health services including setting priorities for disease control-correct
useful for determining the impact of public health intervention (longitudinal ecologic studies)
useful for determining the impact of public health intervention (longitudinal ecologic studies)
127
One of these is not an observational design for generating hypothesis
case-control studies
cross sectional surveys
cross sectional ecologic studies
longitudinal ecological studies
case-control studies
128
It is the GOLD STANDARD for evaluating treatment intervention (clinical trial) or preventive intervention (field trials)
cross sectional survey
cohort studies
randomized controlled trials
case-control studies
randomized controlled trials
129
The investigator goes back into history to define a risk group and follows the group members up to the present to see what outcomes have occurred.
retrospective study
prospective study
case-control studies
cross sectional studies
retrospective study
130
The members of a public health team have a continuing interest in controlling measles infection through vaccination. To estimate the level of immunity in a particular population, what type of study should they conduct?
a case control study of measles infection
a cross sectional survey of vaccination status
a randomized trial of measles vaccination
a retrospective cohort study of measles vaccination
A case control of measles infection
131
There were 40 persons who attended a wedding banquet. Thirty of them experienced abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours. Of the 30 symptomatic guests, 20 however have fever and 10 do not. Twenty five have elevated WBC and 5 do not; 22 have eaten spaghetti and 8 did not; 6 have eaten shrimps and 24 have not. The phenomena described *
is a disease outbreak
is caused by bacterial infection
is not an outbreak because the usual pattern of disease is unknown
should be investigated by the regional epidemiologic surveillance unit
is a disease outbreak
132
The attack rate is
20/40
25/40
22/40
30/40
30/40
133
An early priority in investigating the phenomena would be to
establish diagnosis
define a case
perform a case control study
submit food samples to the laboratory
define a case
134
The investigators suspect that the spaghetti is the source of the disease. To confirm or refute their suspicion, they should
A. conduct a prospective study
B. initiate active surveillance
C. perform a case control study in which the cases are the guests who ate spaghetti and the controls are those who did not eat
D. performs a case control study in which the cases are the guests who became ill and the controls are those who did not became ill
D. performs a case control study in which the cases are the guests who became ill and the controls are those who did not became ill
135
The best case definition for the guests disease would be
acute gastroenteritis
food poisoning
vomiting, diarrhea and elevated white blood cell count
abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours
abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours
136
Suspecting that the disease is the result of a common source exposure involving contaminated food, the investigators attempt to determine which food is responsible. The INITIAL TASK IS TO
analyze food specimens in the laboratory
examine the food preparers
interview the symptomatic guests to find out what they ate
perform a case control study
interview the symptomatic guests to find out what they ate
137
The investigators are unable to identify a single food that was eaten by every symptomatic guest. They should
conclude that the disease was not food borne
conclude that the investigation without identifying the source
implicate the food most eaten by those with symptoms
implicate the food least eaten by those without symptoms
implicate the food most eaten by those with symptoms???
???
138
If an outbreak is occurring the cases of disease are characterized by
time, place and source of infection
place, person and modes of transmission
time, person and pattern of spread
time ,place and person
time ,place and person
139
What do you think is not a type of intervention used to control an outbreak?
sanitation
diagnosis and treatment
control of disease vectors
health promotion like health education
health promotion like health education
140
Infectious diseases that have a much higher incidence in the winter and early spring months in the Northern Hemisphere of North America
infectious diseases spread by respiratory route??
diseases that are spread by insects or arthropod vectors
Infectious diseases that are spread by faecal-oral route
infectious diseases that are spread by common source
Infectious diseases that are spread by respiratory route
141
When a disease in a population occurs regularly and at a more or less constant level
it is an epidemic
it is sporadic
it is endemic
it is pandemic
it is endemic
142
Investigators of an acute disease outbreak ordinarily used a measure of disease frequency called
incidence rate
prevalence rate
attack rate
mortality and morbidity rate
attack rate
143
```
Rural health units, hospitals, laboratories, physicians are required to report disease and are given the appropriate forms and instructions *
active surveillance
passive surveillance
epidemic investigation
cohort studies
```
passive surveillance
144
Process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting and reporting data concerning the incidence of death, disease, injuries and the prevalence of certain conditions, knowledge of which is important for promoting health in the public
it is called outbreak investigation
it is called epidemic investigation
it is called surveillance
it is called cohort studies
it is called surveillance
145
An official from the regional health office visits out patient clinics to determine the number of cases of post exposure prophylaxis for tetanus. The officials action is an example of
active surveillance
passive surveilance
case finding
secondary prevention
active surveillance
146
Putting a barrier to the infection within a susceptible hosts is called
prophylaxis
treatment
cure
health promotion
prophylaxis
147
The initial case and the case that introduced the organism into the population is called
secondary case
primary case
index case
primordial case
index case
148
The accurate characteristic of an epidemic involves defining the geographic location of cases. To do this we will do the following activities except
spot mapping
incidence rate by location
might do chance clusters
work for the immunization status or type of work or schooling
work for the immunization status or type of work or schooling
149
Following are the characteristics of common source exposure except
many people come into contact with the same source
most likely the source is a contaminated water or food
the epidemic curve usually has a prolonged, irregular pattern
the epidemic curve usually has a sudden onset, a peak and a rapid decline
the epidemic curve usually has a prolonged, irregular pattern
150
```
Infectious disease that are spread by the fecal-oral route are most common in the *
summer
early autumn
spring
winter
```
summer
151
Steps in the evaluation of an outbreak includes the following except
establishing a diagnosis
developing a case definition
determining whether an outbreak exists
study the changing pattern of the disease
study the changing pattern of the disease
152
Close supervision of contacts for prompt recognition of illness WITHOUT RESTRICTING MOVEMENT
quarantine
surveillance
detention
segregation
surveillance
153
The occurrence in a community of a disease clearly in excess of the normal expectancy
endemic
pandemic
sporadic
epidemic
epidemic
154
Which of the following is the backbone of disease prevention?
epidemiology
demographics
vital statistics
health statistics
epidemiology
155
Herd immunity refers to
A. prevention of disease transmission to susceptible individuals through acquired immunity in others
B. genetic resistance to species specific
C. immunity naturally acquired in a population
D. high levels of antibody present in a population after an epidemic
prevention of disease transmission to susceptible individuals through acquired immunity in others
156
What is the level in the scientific study of disease where epidemiology is a good example ?
level of individual patient
tissue and organ level
sub - molecular and molecular level
level of population
level of population
157
For an infectious disease to occur there must be an interaction between
the agent and the vector
the vector and the environment
the vector and the host
the host and the agent
the host and the agent
158
The BEINGS model provides a list of factors in disease causality. Which of the following factors are explicitly included in the list?
A. Behavioral, Environmental, Immunologic, nutritional, genetic and social factors
B. Behavioral, Ecologic, Idiopathic, Nutritional, Genetic, Social factors
C. Biologic, environmental, Innate, Nutritional, Genetic and synergistic factors
D. biologic, Environmental, Immunologic, Nutritional, Genetic and synergistic factors
A. Behavioral, Environmental, Immunologic, nutritional, genetic and social factors
159
Epidemiology is broadly defined as the study of factors that influence the health of populations. The application of epidemiologic findings in population to decisions in the care of individual patients is
limted to infectious disease epidemiology
known as clinical epidemiology
subject to ecologic fallacy
limited to chronic disease epidemiology
known as clinical epidemiology
160
The BEINGS model is a useful paradigm for *
evaluating etiologic factors in disease
allocating public health resources
assessing the impact of herd immunity
determining the role of social policy in public health
evaluating etiologic factors in disease
161
Which one of the following activities is beyond the scope of activities undertaken by an epidemiologist
establishing modes of disease transmission
preventing the disease
rationing health care resources
providing data for genetic counselling
rationing health care resources
162
Following statements are true for classical epidemiology except
studies the community origin of health problems
population oriented
interested in discovering risk factors
studies patients in health care setting
studies patients in health care setting
163
Which do you think is not a denominator data?
there were 15 people injured in a vehicular accident
there were 12 children who went into biking
there were 21,000 people watching a basketball in a coliseum
there were 50 people who have attended a wedding party and have partaken the food in the banquet
there were 15 people injured in a vehicular accident
164
Most infant deaths that occur during the first week of life are due to
sepsis
prematurity
congenital abnormalities
injuries
prematurity
165
Which do you think is not a biologic factor that cause a disease?
bone density
obesity
age
gender
obesity
166
What screening test is very important for identifying problems in a newborn?
nutritional screening
immunization
genetic screening
none of the above
genetic screening
167
Which is not a physical agent that may cause disease or illness?
radiation
heat
lead
noise
lead
168
What is the name of the causative agent that cause Lyme disease an infection transmitted by a tick?
Legionella pneumophilia
Hemophilus influenza
Borrelia burgdorferi
Pneumocystis carinii
Borrelia burgdorferi
169
The methods of clinical epidemiology frequently are used to determine the
most effective treatment in a given situation
process of identifying the nature and cause of disease
methods of risk estimation
probable course or outcome of the disease
most effective treatment in a given situation
170
The most common cause of cardiovascular disease is
coronary artery disease
congenital heart disease
valvular heart disease
aortic aneurysm
coronary artery disease
171
To be effective in prevention and control of the spread of communicable diseases, physicians should strengthen skills and knowledge on
data analysis
community diagnosis
rehabilitation of patient
health education
health education
172
Often used as an overall index of the health status of a nation
neonatal mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
infant mortality rate
crude death rate
infant mortality rate
173
Number of pregnancy related deaths divided by the number of live births
maternal mortality rate
prevalence rate
standardized mortality rate
neonatal mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
174
Most important behavior change for improving health
diet modification
exercise
smoking cessation
breastfeeding
smoking cessation
175
This would not reduce the frequency and seriousness of INFECTIOUS diseases
pure water supply
solid wastes disposed in a sanitary manner
arthropod and animal vector of disease is controlled
changes in lifestyle
changes in lifestyle
176
Most of the adverse events experienced by the patient during hospitalization is due to
wound infections
medication errors
iatrogenic infections
inappropriate diagnostic procedure
medication errors
177
A more or less COMPLETE COUNT OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN a given geographic area at a specified instant of time
CENSUS
SURVEY
DEMOGRAPHY
POPULATION REGISTER
CENSUS
178
Some 1450 persons are in a population. Forty six (46) persons died. 64% of those who died were age 55 years and above. What is the crude death rate?
2.03%
3.17%
70%
72%
3.17%
179
The observation of events in the community are presented in the form of tables/graphs. Which of the following graphs is best to use in presenting trends of birth and deaths over a period of time
pie graph
line graph
frequency polygon
bar graph
line graph
180
Factors that will lead to a healthy life
nutrition, environment, genes
environment, genes, age
genes, age, nutrition
environment, human behavior, nutrition
environment, human behavior, nutrition
181
What vitamin fortified in milk that has largely eliminated rickets?
iodized salt
fluoride in water
enrichment of cereal grain products with folic acid
vitamin D milk
vitamin D milk
182
There are 86 students in the college of medicine. During March and April, 26 students were absent with chickenpox. What is the attack rate?
30. 23%
20. 23%
40. 23%
32. 23%
30.23%
183
Of the 45 total cases of chickenpox 3 died. Calculate the case fatality ratio for chickenpox in this epidemic.
66. 6%
6. 66%
16. 66%
26. 66%
6.66%
184
Which do you think is a measure of the risk of having a risk factor?
Odd's ratio
relative risk
risk ratio
p value
Odd's ratio
185
As the sensitivity of the test increases which of the following generally occurs?
cut off point decreases
false negative error rate increases
false positive error rate increases
specificity increase
specificity increase
| ?????
186
Ability of a measurement to give the same result is called
precision
accuracy
false positive
false negative
precision
187
Ability of a test to detect a disease when it is present. It is also the ability of a test to detect true cases of a disease
sensitivity
specificity
accuracy
cut off point
sensitivity
188
Ability of a test to exclude a disease when it is absent. it is the capacity of a test to show positive results only in subjects who have the disease in question
sensitivity
accuracy
specificity
none of the above
specificity
189
It defines normal and abnormal test results. It indicates the value beyond which a test result is considered abnormal leading to a diagnosis
cut off point
specificity
sensitivity
none of the above
Cut off point
190
Tendency of a measure to be correct on the average. It is the ability to obtain a test result or study result that is close to the true value
Accuracy
Specificity
Sensitivity
all of the above are correct
Accuracy
191
Screening test
should have a high degree of sensitivity and is use to rule out a diagnosis
should have a high degree of specificity and is used to rule in a diagnosis
capacity of a test to show positive results only in subjects who have the disease in question
capacity of a test to show positive results only in subjects who have the disease in question
192
Number of new cases over a defined period divided by the mid-period population at risk
Incidence rate
prevalence rate
relative risk
Odd's ratio
Incidence rate
193
Number of pregnancy related deaths divided by the number of live births
maternal mortality rate
case fatality ratio
neonatal mortality rate
post neonatal mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
194
A total of 97 neonatal cases were admitted in a certain hospital from January to June 2021. 71% were males and 29% were female. There were 37 deaths. What was the case fatality ratio of neonatal tetanus?
30%
38%
70%
72%
38%
195
There were 450 deliveries in a certain small town at the end of 2020 in a population of 145,000. Thirty of these deliveries were stillbirths and 420 are live births. Compute for the CRUDE BIRTH RATE.
2. 88/1,000 pop.
28. 88 / 1,000 pop.
288. 88 / 1,000 pop.
4. 22 / 1,000 pop.
2.88/1,000 pop.
| ?????
196
At the end of 2020, a total of 39 deaths among ages 1 month to 11 months and 15 stillbirths were also recorded. The total live births for that year was 675 and the mid-year population was 585,000. Compute for the Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000.
80
57
66
.066
57
197
At the end of 2020, the neonatal death was 2100, infant death was 3100, and 45,000 was due to accidents. The remaining 264,000 was due to the other top leading causes of mortality. The mid-year population was 80 million. Compute for the CRUDE DEATH RATE per 1,000. pop.
3.3 / 1,000 pop.
3.92/1,000 pop.
33 / 1000 pop.
39.2 / 1000 pop.
3.92/1,000 pop.
198
There were 456 new COVID cases at the end of 2020 in a municipality with a population of 35,000. Compute for the incidence rate in %.
1.30
11.30
0.30
none of the above
1.30
199
At the end of 2020, pregnant mothers cause of death at the time of delivery were recorded and distributed in the following: hemorrhage 28, sepsis 19, eclampsia 12, complications from other diseases like heart disease and diabetes mellitus 4, accident in going to the hospital for delivery 3, bleeding sustained by the pregnant mother when she slides in the bathroom 3. There were 180,000 live births during the year and the population is 3.3 million. COMPUTE FOR THE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE per 100,000.
38. 33
36. 66
35. 00
3. 66
35.00
200
In water treatment the fundamental method for removing unwarranted substances is by
filtration
chlorination
fluoridation
none of the above
filtration
201
Which of these group of factors influence our health?
environment, behavior and nutrition
environment, genes and age
genes, age nutrition
nutrition, environment, age
environment, behavior and nutrition
202
Which one is not the goal of immunization?
elimination of disease
treatment of disease
eradication of disease
control of disease to reduce mortality and morbidity
treatment of disease
203
Which vaccine is not included in the Expanded Program on immunization (EPI) in the Philippines?
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Diphtheria, Pertussis, tetanus vaccine (DPT)
Hepa B vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Influenza vaccine
204
What mineral or vitamin fortified n milk that has largely eliminated rickets?
iodine
fluoride
enrichment of cereal grain products with folic acid
vitamin D
vitamin D
205
What are the two high risk factors that will result to a cardiovascular disease within 8 years on a 45 year old man?
smoker and high cholesterol level
smoker and severe hypertension
glucose intolerance and high cholesterol level
severe hypertension and high cholesterol level
severe hypertension and high cholesterol level
206
Most common cause of cardiovascular disease
coronary artery disease
valvular heart disease
congenital heart disease
aortic aneurysm
coronary artery disease
207
What do you think is the basic goal of epidemiologic research?
compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure and outcome
eliminate all biases
establish causality
reject null hypothesis
compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure and outcome
208
Close supervision of contacts for prompt recognition of illness by restricting their movement
quarantine
surveillance
detention
segregation
quarantine
209
Observations of events in the community are presented in the form of tables/graphs. Which of the following graphs is best to use in presenting trends of birth and deaths over a PERIOD OF TIME?
pie graph
bar graph
line graph
frequency polygon
line graph
210
What type of analysis will you use if we want to measure in terms of the number of injuries, illnesses or deaths prevented?
cost effective analysis
cost benefit analysis
meta analysis
none of the above
cost effective analysis
211
What type of error if something is said to be true when actually it is false called?
False positive error
False negative error
type II error
Beta error
False positive error
212
Which one will not reduce the frequency and seriousness of infectious diseases?
pure water supply
solid wastes disposal in a sanitary manner
arthropod and animal vector of diseases are controlled
changes in lifestyle
changes in lifestyle
213
option 1
option 1
214
Artificial passive acquired immunity would result from
having the ,measles
ingestion of colostrum
receiving a gamma globulin injection
receiving a vaccine
receiving a gamma globulin injection
215
Vaccines that are used to protect people from diphtheria and tetanus are
antitoxins
attenuated vaccines
inactivated vaccines
toxoids
toxoids
216
```
Goal of secondary prevention is the detection of disease or risk factors in the *
pre - disease stage
pre - symptomatic stage
symptomatic stage
post disability stage
```
pre - symptomatic stage
217
Which statement is not true for passive acquired immunity?
antibodies form from one person are transferred to another to protect the latter from infection
receive antibodies rather than produce them
immunity is temporary from 3 to 6 months
resistance to infection is permanent
resistance to infection is permanent
218
Most effective vaccine is a vaccine from living organisms and these are called
inactivated killed vaccine
toxoid vaccine prepared from exotoxin that have been inactivated
attenuated or weakened vaccine
antitoxins
attenuated or weakened vaccine
219
Immunity that is acquired in response to vaccines
natural active acquired immunity
artificial active acquired immunity
natural passive acquired immunity
artificial passive acquired immunity
artificial active acquired immunity
220
Represents a window of opportunity during which detection followed by treatment provide a better chance of cure
pre-disease stage
symptomatic stage
latent stage
tertiary stage
latent stage
221
Which intervention constitutes secondary prevention as a component of pre-natal care?
performing a non-stress test before parturition
performing pelvic ultrasound examination during the second trimester of pregnancy
screening for and treating gestational diabetes
screening for rubella antibodies
screening for and treating gestational diabetes
222
A severe malnutrition due to deficiencies in all nutrients usually due to poverty and scarcity of food and the child looks older
kwashiorkor
starvation
marasmus
all are correct
marasmus
223
Which type of activities that falls under the umbrella of HEALTH PROMOTION?
A. SCREENING AND CASE FINDING
B. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
C. HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH LEGISLATION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE ACTION
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE IS CORRECT
C. HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH LEGISLATION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE ACTION
224
What is the best explanation for the high prevalence of obesity in the U.S.A.?
an innate preference for sweet food, compounded by insulin resistance
a high calorie diet and a sedentary lifestyle
a deficiency of dietary fiber and excess protein
a genetic defect resulting in low basal metabolism
a high calorie diet and a sedentary lifestyle
225
Approval of the varicella vaccine and the decision to provide it routinely to children were most clearly supported by
evidence about the effects of the vaccine on herd immunity
evidence of the protective efficacy of the vaccine
evidence regarding the duration of immunity
evidence about the effects of the vaccine on the occurrence of herpes zoster
evidence of the protective efficacy of the vaccine
226
An example of secondary prevention is
detection and treatment of hypertension
early treatment of diabetic nephropathy
folic acid supplementation of foods
vaccination against Hepatitis B
detection and treatment of hypertension
227
Which statement is not true for independent variables?
people who do have and people who do not have have exposure to the risk factor
all faculty in the university
demographic profile of the population under study
people who do have and people who do not have the disease or outcome of the study
people who do have and people who do not have the disease or outcome of the study
228
Aims to reduce the complication including disability and handicap
secondary prevention
primary prevention
tertiary prevention
fourth prevention
tertiary prevention
229
Promote health in a population through the application of organized community efforts
Preventive Medicine
Clinical Medicine
Public Health
None of the above
Public Health
230
A measure of health status that incorporates life expectancy and the perceived impact of illness and its disability
Quality Adjusted Life Years
Health Life Expectancy
Mortality Rates
Health Profile
Quality Adjusted Life Years
231
Interrupt the disease process before it becomes symptomatic
secondary prevention
primary prevention
tertiary prevention
No prevention
secondary prevention
232
A statement that does not apply to kwashiorkor
often called an edematous malnutrition
develop during the weaning process
caused by lack of protein in the diet
result in deficiencies in all nutrients
result in deficiencies in all nutrients
233
When the body mass index (BMI) is in the range of 36 to 38.
```
overweight
class I obese
class III obese
class II obese
```
class II obese
234
Kills vegetative form of micro-organisms
fluoride
chlorine
aluminum sulfate
flocculent coagulates
chlorine
235
Most important behavior change for improving health
diet modification
exercise
smoking cessation
breastfeeding
smoking cessation
236
A disease that has been successfully eradicated by immunization is *
poliomyelitis
measles
chickenpox
smallpox
smallpox
237
Folic acid
has eliminated goiter
has eliminated rickets
has reduced the incidence of dental caries
has prevented neural tube defect
has prevented neural tube defect
238
A patient was bitten by a dog. Post exposure rabies immunoglobulin was administered. What type of immunity the patient will develop?
cross reactivity
active artificial immunity
passive natural immunity
passive artificial immunity
passive artificial immunity
239
Goal of secondary prevention in the detection of disease or risk factors in the
pre-disease stage
pre-symptomatic stage
symptomatic stage
post disability stage
pre-symptomatic stage
240
Which one is not an objective of a screening program?
treatment to reduce mortality
treatment to reduce complications
to provide health promotion activities
treatment to eradicate infection and prevent its spread
to provide health promotion activities
241
The sum of all the observed values in a data set divided by the number of observations
mode
median
mean
standard deviation
mean
242
A group of first year medical students feel better after taking a prescribed antidepressant drugs. You make a conclusion that being a first year student is associated with depression. This is an example of a logical progression from the specific to the general.
deductive reasoning
hypothesis testing
inductive reasoning
transference
inductive reasoning
243
The value of alpha serves as a protection against
selection bias
type 1 error
type II error
false negative results
type 1 error
244
Many types of medical important data are measured on a measurement scales. Patient's heights, weights, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum cholesterol levels are examples of data measured on
ordinal or ranked values
ratio variables
nominal variables
continuous (dimensional) variables
continuous (dimensional) variables
245
Respiratory distress as being absent, mild, moderate or severe
ordinal
nominal
continuous
ratio variables
ordinal
246
When a histogram or frequency polygon has a longer tail on the left side of the diagram the distribution is said
to be skewed to the right
to be skewed to the left
a kurtosis
not affected
to be skewed to the left
247
Which of the following is not an example of a nominal data?
name
age
sex
race
age
248
A patient is exposed to Hepatitis B. Human immune globulin was administered after the exposure. What type of immunity the patient will develop?
cross reactivity
passive immunity
active immunity
hypersensitivity
passive immunity
249
This vaccine would most likely to be dangerous to a person with immunodeficiency when given
diptheria vaccine
hepatitis B vaccine
tetanus vaccine
measles vaccine
measles vaccine
250
In which of the following ways is health promotion distinguished from disease prevention?
A. only health promotion can begin before a disease becomes symptomatic
B. only health promotion involves materials and methods that are generally non-medical
C. only health promotion is targeted at populations rather than individuals
D. only health promotion is applied when a disease has developed
only health promotion involves materials and methods that are generally non-medical
251
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?
prescription drug therapy for symptoms of menopause
physical therapy after lumbar disc herniation
thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction
cholesterol reduction in a patient with asymptomatic coronary artery disease
cholesterol reduction in a patient with asymptomatic coronary artery disease
252
Most frequent site of serious contact with environmental hazards is the
eye
GIT
lungs
Other:
lungs
253
An indoor air pollutant of greatest public health importance is
carbon monoxide
dust
tobacco smoke
radon
tobacco smoke
254
A visceral protein malnutrition that tends to occur in developing nations during the weaning of children from breast milk is known as
anasarca
cachexia
kwashiorkor
marasmus
kwashiorkor
255
Of the following environmental hazards, the only one categorized as a non-threshold hazard is
carbon monoxide
lead
noise
ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation
256
Ames test is used to
estimate the mutagenic potential of a chemical
quantify radiation exposure
determine antibiotic susceptibility
establish environmental standards for heavy metals
estimate the mutagenic potential of a chemical
257
What do you call the data that often enable investigators to make more detailed inferences and also shows the position of the different observations relative to each other?
continuous data
ordinal data
nominal data
dichotomous data
continuous data
258
```
Which one is not a measure of central tendency?
mode
median
standard deviation
mean
```
standard deviation
259
What seeks to enhance the lives of individuals by helping them improve their health?
Preventive Medicine
Public Health
Family Medicine
Clinical Medicine
Preventive Medicine
260
A patient came in at the emergency room with chief complaint of severe chilling sensations with hypogastric pain. This characterization of the pain as severe is
ordinal
parametric
qualitative
nominal
qualitative
261
Which of the following graphs is best to use in presenting trends of any disease over a period of time?
pie graph
bar graph
line graph
frequency polygon
line graph
262
The basic goal of hypothesis testing is
to establish the value of alpha
to confirm the alternative hypothesis
to distinguish between random and meaningful differences in outcome
to enhance the predictive value of a particular study design
to distinguish between random and meaningful differences in outcome
263
Statistical significance is achieved when
the alpha value is lesser than the p value
p value is lesser than the alpha value
beta equals alpha
p value is greater than the alpha value
p value is lesser than the alpha value
264
Two groups are asked the probability that a certain toxicant can cause global warming. They are to use scale with 5 choices ranging from improbable to highly probable. The toxicant data in this study are
continuous
dichotomous
nominal
ordinal
ordinal
265
A bar graph in which the number of units of observations (ex. persons) is shown on the Y axis, the measurement values (ex. cholesterol level ) are shown on X axis, and the frequency distribution is illustrated by a series of vertical bars.
frequency polygon
line graph
histogram
epidemic curve
histogram
266
What do you call the distance between low and high scores in statistics?
mode
median
standard deviation
range
range
267
What diseases where treatment to prevent its spread objective is applicable?
hypertension
gonorrhea
type 2 diabetes
elevated serum cholesterol levels
gonorrhea
268
Symptomatic stage prevention attempts to halt or limit the future progression of disease. The strategies of symptomatic stage prevention include all of the following except
modification of diet
modification of behavior
modification of environment
modification of age
modification of age
269
Specific protection against malaria is provided by
mosquito repellent
passive immunization
vitamin A supplementation
antimicrobial prophylaxis
antimicrobial prophylaxis
270
To increase the understanding of the FACTORS CONTRIBUTINGTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DISEASE
do health legislation
do health prevention (wrong answer)
do health education
NONE OF THE ABOVE
do health education
| ?????
271
Provision of clean water supply is an example of what type of model
informed choice model
modification model
medical model
societal model
societal model
272
Total cholesterol is the sum
LDL+HDL+VLDL
LDL+HDL+TRIGLYCERIDE
LDL+HDL
All of the above is correct
LDL+HDL+VLDL
273
What is an example of tertiary prevention?
hospice care
occupational therapy after a stroke (CVA)
total cholesterol levels do not correlate with risk
in contrast to triglyceride levels total cholesterol levels vary with meals
occupational therapy after a stroke (CVA)
274
Under what circumstances can primary and tertiary prevention be achieved concurrently?
never because primary and tertiary prevention are mutually exclusive
when a patient is treated for hip fracture
when a patient is treated for active tuberculosis
when a patient is treated for myocardial infarction
when a patient is treated for active tuberculosis
275
The approval of the varicella vaccine to provide it routinely to children were most clearly supported by
evidence about the effects of the vaccine on herd immunity
evidence of the protective efficacy of the vaccine
evidence regarding the duration of the immunity
evidence about the effects of the vaccine on the occurrence of herpes zoster
evidence of the protective efficacy of the vaccine
276
In the methods of Environmental Modification the most preferred is
preventing contact between people and the environmental hazards
water sanitation
control of disease vectors
eliminating or reducing the offending agent
eliminating or reducing the offending agent
277
A deficiency of this vitamin during pregnancy will increase the risk of neural tube defect in the fetus
thiamine
niacin
folic acid
riboflavin
folic acid
278
Which do you think is not a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
dyslipidemia
hyperglycemia
hypertension
hyperuricemia
hyperuricemia
279
Abnormal elevated levels of this is associated with increase risk of cardiovascular disease due to formation of atheroma
HDL
triglycerides
LDL
total cholesterol
LDL
280
The blood pressure reading in stage 2 hypertension is
140 - 159 systole and 90-99 diastole
160-180 systole and 100-110 diastole
greater than 180 systole and greater than 110 diastole
120-139 systole and 80-89 diastole
160-180 systole and 100-110 diastole
281
A multivariable analysis is appropriate when
A. bivariate analysis fails to reveal statistical significance
B. more than one independent variable is under investigation but only one dependent variable
C. more than one independent variable and more than one dependent variable is under investigation
D. multiple hypothesis are being tested
B. more than one independent variable is under investigation but only one dependent variable
282
This statement best exemplifies a multivariable model
height varies with age, weight and gender
height varies with gender and weight varies with age
height and weight vary with age and gender
height varies with gender
height varies with age, weight and gender
283
You are interested in comparing the effects of various agents on the management of pain caused by osteoarthritis. Pain is measured in a continuous pain scale. You design a study in which equal numbers of patients are assigned to three groups defined by treatment (acetaminophen treatment, ibuprofen treatment, or placebo treatment). Other independent variables are gender, age (dichotomous) severity of the arthritis (categorical ). Which of the following would be the most appropriate statistical method for analyzing your data.
ANCOVA
Logistic Regression Analysis
ANOVA
Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test
ANOVA
284
It is important to consider a beta error when
the difference under consideration is not clinically meaningful
the Null hypothesis is not rejected
the hypothesis is rejected (wrong answer)
the sample size is excessively large
the Null hypothesis is not rejected
| ????
285
Random sampling
entails selecting a small group for study from a much larger group of potential stud subjects
entails allocating the available subjects to one or more study group
is usually used in clinical trial
none of the above
entails selecting a small group for study from a much larger group of potential stud subjects
286
An allocation that uses a random number table or a computerized random number generator to allocate potential subjects to a treatment or control status
stratified allocation
systematic allocation
simple random allocation
randomization into groups of two
simple random allocation
287
Close supervision of contacts for prompt recognition of illness without restricting movement
quarantine
surveillance
detention
segregation
surveillance
288
```
Pasteurization of milk is what level of prevention
primary level
primordial level
secondary level
tertiary level
```
primary level
289
Which of the following is the backbone of disease prevention?
epidemiology
demographics
vital statistics
health statistics
epidemiology
290
Which program is an example secondary prevention?
a community wide nutrition program at fast food establishments
a program to immunize persons exposed to infectious disease (primary)
Alcoholic Anonymous
an exercise program for persons who have a stroke (ter)
Alcoholic Anonymous????
291
Which of the following is a negative health behavior that must be avoided to prevent illness?
immunization
adequate sleep pattern
self-medication
regular check up
self-medication
292
Which one is an example of primary prevention?
Pap smear to identify disease at an early stage
Other: Folic acid supplementation of foods
: Folic acid supplementation of foods
293
Which one is an example of primary prevention?
Pap smear to identify disease at an early stage
radiation sensitive badges for workers in x-ray units
control of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy
folic acid supplementation of foods
Other:
folic acid supplementation of foods
294
Which one is an example of secondary prevention
testing donated blood for HIV antibodies
maintaining a continuous supply of drug needed to treat TB
a patient was brought to the ER of urticaria associated with difficulty of breathing after being bitten by a bee then anti histamine drug was injected
chlorination which is the last stage of water treatment
testing donated blood for HIV antibodies
295
Which one is an example of tertiary prevention?
prescription drug therapy for symptoms of menopause
pneumococcal vaccine in a patient who has undergone splenectomy
detection and treatment of hypertension
post exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulin
prescription drug therapy for symptoms of menopause
296
Maternal antibodies pass on to the child
natural passive acquired immunity
natural active acquired immunity
artificial passive acquired immunity
artificial active acquired immunity
natural passive acquired immunity
297
One of these is an example of artificial active acquired immunity
a DPT vaccine was given
tetanus antitoxin was given to a child who has a punctured wound
patient had a history of mumps
a patient was bitten by a snake , an anti venom was administered
a DPT vaccine was given
298
Encouraging the mother to continue breastfeed her baby
health education
health legislation
health maintenance
none of the above
health maintenance
299
Recommending regular physical activity to a patient with no known medical problems
health promotion
secondary prevention
specific protection
tertiary prevention
health promotion
300
Which of these is an example of specific protection?
vaccinating a health care worker against hepatitis B
Giving INH for one year to a 28 year old medical student whose result in the tuberculin skin test recently converted from negative to positive
performing carotid angiography in a patient with coronary artery disease
none of the above
vaccinating a health care worker against hepatitis B
301
What is an example of tertiary prevention?
hospice care
occupational therapy after a stroke (CVA)
treatment of essential hypertension
post exposure prophylaxis of rabies
occupational therapy after a stroke (CVA)
