PCE

Question 1

Describe ventral, dorsal, cranial, caudal

Answer 1

Anterior, posterior, superior, inferior

Question 2

What are the three planes of motion

Answer 2

Sagittal / median + frontal / coronal and transverse / horizontal

Question 3

Inversion and eversion occur in what plane of motion

Answer 3

Frontal / coronal

Question 4

What are the two subsets of the skeletal system

Answer 4

Axial and appendicular

Question 5

What are the five functions of bone

Answer 5

Structural support, anchor for muscles and ligaments, lever arm for movement, protects vital organs, mineral deposit + site of blood cell production

Question 6

What are the five types of bones

Answer 6

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Question 7

What is spongy bone made of

Answer 7

Cavities containing red bone marrow (blood forming cells)

Question 8

epiphysis, metaphysis, diphysis

Answer 8

Head, neck, shaft

Question 9

Importance of periosteum

Answer 9

Capability of forming new bone, receives blood vessels that supply the outer layer, wont survive without it

Question 10

T or F: cartilage is nourished by diffusion and has no blood vessels, lymphatics, or nerves

Answer 10

True

Question 11

3 functions of cartilage

Answer 11

Provide a smooth / gliding surface for bone articulations, enable growth of long bones, supports soft tissue

Question 12

3 types of cartilage

Answer 12

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 13

Two layers of synovial membrane

Answer 13

Inner synovial and outer fibrous

Question 14

Fat pads

Answer 14

Usually occur between the synovial and fibrous membrane, move a bit during rom, can help with gliding but also well innervated = pain

Question 15

How many vertebrae do we have

Answer 15

33
7 C
12 T
5 L
5 S (fused)
4 Coccyx (fused)

Question 16

Name the 7 types of synovial joints

Answer 16

Plane, hinge, pivot, bicondylar, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

Question 17

3 types of fibrous solid joints

Answer 17

Sutures - in the skull
Gomphoses - teeth
Syndesmoses - linked by a ligament

Question 18

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 18

Synchondroses and sympheses

Question 19

Three types of muscular tissue

Answer 19

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 20

Describe the make up of skeletal muscle

Answer 20

Parallel bundles of long multinucleated fibres with transverse striations

Question 21

Contractile unit of skeletal muscle

Answer 21

Sarcomere

Question 22

T or F: Cardiac muscle is striated and multi nucleated

Answer 22

f: striated but single nuclei

Question 23

Three types of blood vessels

Answer 23

Arteries, veins, capillaries

Question 24

Three layers of a blood vessel wall

Answer 24

Tunica externa (connective tissue)
Tunica media (smooth muscle)
Tunica intima (endothelial)

Question 25

What are lymph nodes

Answer 25

Small (max 2.5cm) encapsulated structures that interrupt the course of lymphatic vessels and contain elements of the body’s defence system

Question 26

What generates movement through lymphatic vessels

Answer 26

Movement - contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 27

Two seperations of the nervous system

Answer 27

CNS and PNS

Question 28

Two divisions of the PNS

Answer 28

Autonomic and somatic

Question 29

Where do the SNS and PNS originate from

Answer 29

SNS - thoraclumbar
PNS - craniosacral

Question 30

What is a myotome

Answer 30

A muscle innervated by a single nerve

Question 31

Go through UE myotomes

Answer 31

C1/2- neck flexion
C3 - side flexion
C4 - shoulder shrug
C5 - shoulder abduction
C6 - elbow flexion or wrist extension
C7 - elbow extension or wrist flexion
C8 - thumb extension or ulnar dev
T1 - hand intrinsics