PCCN immunology

Question 1

what does elevated WBC bands mean?

Answer 1

these are baby neutrophils, means body is fighting bacterial infection

Question 2

Eosinophils

Answer 2

phagocytosis of parasites and detoxify foreign protein; elevated in allergic attacks, autoimmune disease, parasitic infections

Question 3

“shift to the left”

Answer 3

bone marrow is producing neutrophils to fight severe infection, increase in %WBC

“shift to right” is small % WBC, risk of infection (risk=right)

Question 4

Why is Hgb important?

Answer 4

indicates bloods O2 carrying capacity

Question 5

What stimulates RBC production?

Answer 5

Erythropoietin from kidney

Question 6

What is PT?

Answer 6

prothrombin time

–measures the amt of time needed to form a fibrin clot
normal = 9.6-13sec
–evaluate liver failure, DIC and screen for VitK deficiency (cause bleeding)

Question 7

PTT

Answer 7

partial thromboplastin time

• measure of number of seconds needed to form a clot
• monitor heparin therapy

normal 25-35
therapeutic 48-60

PTT not altered w/ LMW heparin (enoxaparin)

Question 8

reversal agent for heparin

Answer 8

protamine sulfate

Question 9

HIT (heparin induced thrombocytopenia)

Answer 9

**potentially devastating immune mediated adverse drug reaction caused by the emergence of antibodies that activate platelets in the presence of heparin

s/s: CP, thrombus, dyspnea, confusion, abd pain, decr UOP, limb ischemia, skin necrosis at injection site

rapid drop in plt <50,000

Question 10

DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)

Answer 10

INCREASED PLT DESTRUCTION»>simultaneous thrombosis and hemorrhage

↑PTT, PT/INR, D-dimer, FSP/FDP

**need to admin blood/components and stop abnormal coagulation

Question 11

ITP (immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 11

gradual onset of bleeding

coagulation studies and bleeding times are NORMAL