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UC semester 1 > PCC final > Flashcards

PCC final Flashcards

1
Q

Accuracy

A

Ability of a measurement to be correct, on the average

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2
Q

presicion

A

ability of a measurement to give the same result or similar results with repeated measurements

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3
Q

What if I want a screening for x disease? What requirements does that disease have to have?

A

-serious disease
-existing effective therapy
-time frame for detection
-not rare

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4
Q

sensitivity equation

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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5
Q

specificity equation

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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6
Q

What is SNNOUT

A

a SeNsitive test with a Negative test results OUT disease

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7
Q

what is SPPIN?

A

a SPecific test with a Positive result rules IN a disease

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8
Q

pos predicted value

A

proportion of patients with a pos test that actually have the disease

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9
Q

neg predicted value

A

the proportion of patients with a neg test that don’t have the disease

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10
Q

2 variables that predictive values are based on

A

-population tested
-disease prevalence

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11
Q

ELISA test?

A

highly sensitive but NOT GOLD STANDARD for HIV

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12
Q

Western blot test

A

highly specific, GOLD standard for HIV

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13
Q

direct casual association

A

has no intermediate factor and is more easily understood

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14
Q

indirect casual association

A

involves one or more intervening factors and is often much more complicated

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15
Q

“if X then Y” describes

A

direct casual

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16
Q

“X may influence A, which in turn may cause Y diabetes” describes

A

indirect casual

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17
Q

sufficient cause

A

a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

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18
Q

examples of sufficient cause are

A

rare, usually limited to genetic anamolies

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19
Q

necessary cause

A

-the cause must be present for disease to occur

-the cause may be present w/o the disease occuring

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20
Q

example of necessary cause?

A

-EBV must be present for someone to get infectious mono,
-but not everyone who gets EBV develops mono

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21
Q

risk factor?

A

an exposure, behavior, or attribute that clearly increases:

-the probability of a particular disease in a group of people who have the risk factor (compared w/ an otherwise similar group of people who do not)

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22
Q

3 requirements of a casual relationship

A

-statistical association

-temporal relationship

-elimination of alternatives

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23
Q

what is statistical association?

A

-an association between outcome and presumed cause

-must occur significantly more or less in individuals exposed to presumed cause

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24
Q

in order to be statistically significant, there can be no more than….

A

1 in 20 instances occuring by chance

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25
Q

what increases the probability that statistical association could be casual?

A

-strength of association

-consistency of association

-specificity of association

-biologic plausibility

-dose-response relationship

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26
Q

dose-response relationship

A

relationship between the different doses and the responses they generate

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27
Q

temporal relationship

A

presumed cause must occur before the outcome

28
Q

is it possible to eliminate every alternative?

A

no

29
Q

most common types of studies used in medicine

A

cross-sectional surveys

cohort studies

case control studies

randomized controlled trials

30
Q

cross-sectional surveys

A

study that looks at data from a single point in time only, great for looking at prevalences

31
Q

advantages of cross-sectional surveys?

A

quick

inexpensive

easy to perform

great for generating hypothesis

looking at prevalence

32
Q

disadvantages of cross sectional studies?

A

selects for less aggressive cases of a given disease

selects for longer lasting and more indolent diseases

33
Q

longitudinal cross sectional surveys

A

asses changes in risk factors and disease frequency in a population over time

34
Q

cross sectional surveys look at the risk factor when?

A

after the fact

35
Q

cohort studies

A

clearly identified group of people to be studied

36
Q

prospective cohort studies

A

follows patients over time looking into future

37
Q

retrospective cohort studies

A

looks back at group of patients past

look in history to define risk group

38
Q

advantages of prospective cohort studies

A

many disease outcomes can be studied

estimates of risk are true

able to control and standardize data collection as study proceeds

39
Q

disadvantages of prospective cohort studies

A

high cost

possible loss of subjects

long wait until results obtained

only risk factors defined at beginning can be used

40
Q

advantages of retrospective cohort studies

A

less time

less cost

41
Q

disadvantages of retrospective cohort studies

A

lacks ability to monitor and control data collection

42
Q

case control studies

A

selection of the case and control group is based on outcome

not on risk factors

43
Q

researchers have to estimate relative risk for what study?

A

case-control

44
Q

advantages of case-control studies

A

inexpensive, great for rare diseases, many risk factors can be considered

45
Q

disadvantage of case-control studies

A

subject to recall bias

difficult to form control group

46
Q

with cohort and case-control studies, risk factors are being evaluated:

A

after the risk/protective factor is determined

47
Q

what is the gold standard test to study an intervention & also has the ability to minimize bias?

A

randomized controlled trials

48
Q

randomized controlled clinical trials

A

therapeutic intervention in an ill population

49
Q

how does RCTs work?

A

patients enroll to study

they are randomly assigned to a) intervention group, or b) control group

patients are monitored over time to see what happens

50
Q

advantages of RCT?

A

prospective in nature

minimizes bias

allows for extensive control

51
Q

disadvantages of RCT?

A

time-consuming

costly

patients may drop

may have therapy changes

often unethical to perform

52
Q

single blind study

A

participants do not know if they are given experimental or non experimental treatment

53
Q

double blind study

A

participants and observers do not know who is given experimental treatment

54
Q

RCT is often not done if intervention is believed to be

A

best available

55
Q

meta-analysis

A

summarizes info obtained in many single studies on one topic

56
Q

decision analysis/cost-effectiveness analysis

A

summarizes data and show how it can inform clinical or policy decisions

57
Q

quality of evidence hierarchy

A

RCT is best

opinions

descriptive studies

case reports are least helpful

58
Q

bias

A

tendency to believe that some people, ideas are better than others that usually results in a treating some people unfairly

59
Q

research bias

A

a differential error that produces findings consistency distorted in one direction owing to nonrandom factors

60
Q

types of assembly bias

A

selection bias

allocation bias

associated problems of validity

61
Q

types of detection bias

A

measurement bias, recall bias

62
Q

assembly bias

A

selection of study groups

63
Q

selection bias

A

when subjects are allowed to select the study group they want to be in

64
Q

allocation bias

A

when investigators choose a nonrandom method of assigning subjects or the protocol for random assignment is not followed

65
Q

associated validity problems

A

RCTs must allow potential study subjects to choose to participate or not

there will always be element of self selection

66
Q
A

UC semester 1 (1 decks)

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