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PCC final Flashcards

1
Q

Accuracy

A

Ability of a measurement to be correct, on the average

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2
Q

presicion

A

ability of a measurement to give the same result or similar results with repeated measurements

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3
Q

What if I want a screening for x disease? What requirements does that disease have to have?

A

-serious disease
-existing effective therapy
-time frame for detection
-not rare

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4
Q

sensitivity equation

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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5
Q

specificity equation

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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6
Q

What is SNNOUT

A

a SeNsitive test with a Negative test results OUT disease

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7
Q

what is SPPIN?

A

a SPecific test with a Positive result rules IN a disease

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8
Q

pos predicted value

A

proportion of patients with a pos test that actually have the disease

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9
Q

neg predicted value

A

the proportion of patients with a neg test that don’t have the disease

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10
Q

2 variables that predictive values are based on

A

-population tested
-disease prevalence

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11
Q

ELISA test?

A

highly sensitive but NOT GOLD STANDARD for HIV

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12
Q

Western blot test

A

highly specific, GOLD standard for HIV

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13
Q

direct casual association

A

has no intermediate factor and is more easily understood

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14
Q

indirect casual association

A

involves one or more intervening factors and is often much more complicated

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15
Q

“if X then Y” describes

A

direct casual

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16
Q

“X may influence A, which in turn may cause Y diabetes” describes

A

indirect casual

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17
Q

sufficient cause

A

a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

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18
Q

examples of sufficient cause are

A

rare, usually limited to genetic anamolies

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19
Q

necessary cause

A

-the cause must be present for disease to occur

-the cause may be present w/o the disease occuring

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20
Q

example of necessary cause?

A

-EBV must be present for someone to get infectious mono,
-but not everyone who gets EBV develops mono

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21
Q

risk factor?

A

an exposure, behavior, or attribute that clearly increases:

-the probability of a particular disease in a group of people who have the risk factor (compared w/ an otherwise similar group of people who do not)

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22
Q

3 requirements of a casual relationship

A

-statistical association

-temporal relationship

-elimination of alternatives

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23
Q

what is statistical association?

A

-an association between outcome and presumed cause

-must occur significantly more or less in individuals exposed to presumed cause

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24
Q

in order to be statistically significant, there can be no more than….

A

1 in 20 instances occuring by chance

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25
what increases the probability that statistical association could be casual?
-strength of association -consistency of association -specificity of association -biologic plausibility -dose-response relationship
26
dose-response relationship
relationship between the different doses and the responses they generate
27
temporal relationship
presumed cause must occur before the outcome
28
is it possible to eliminate every alternative?
no
29
most common types of studies used in medicine
cross-sectional surveys cohort studies case control studies randomized controlled trials
30
cross-sectional surveys
study that looks at data from a single point in time only, great for looking at prevalences
31
advantages of cross-sectional surveys?
quick inexpensive easy to perform great for generating hypothesis looking at prevalence
32
disadvantages of cross sectional studies?
selects for less aggressive cases of a given disease selects for longer lasting and more indolent diseases
33
longitudinal cross sectional surveys
asses changes in risk factors and disease frequency in a population over time
34
cross sectional surveys look at the risk factor when?
after the fact
35
cohort studies
clearly identified group of people to be studied
36
prospective cohort studies
follows patients over time looking into future
37
retrospective cohort studies
looks back at group of patients past look in history to define risk group
38
advantages of prospective cohort studies
many disease outcomes can be studied estimates of risk are true able to control and standardize data collection as study proceeds
39
disadvantages of prospective cohort studies
high cost possible loss of subjects long wait until results obtained only risk factors defined at beginning can be used
40
advantages of retrospective cohort studies
less time less cost
41
disadvantages of retrospective cohort studies
lacks ability to monitor and control data collection
42
case control studies
selection of the case and control group is based on outcome not on risk factors
43
researchers have to estimate relative risk for what study?
case-control
44
advantages of case-control studies
inexpensive, great for rare diseases, many risk factors can be considered
45
disadvantage of case-control studies
subject to recall bias difficult to form control group
46
with cohort and case-control studies, risk factors are being evaluated:
after the risk/protective factor is determined
47
what is the gold standard test to study an intervention & also has the ability to minimize bias?
randomized controlled trials
48
randomized controlled clinical trials
therapeutic intervention in an ill population
49
how does RCTs work?
patients enroll to study they are randomly assigned to a) intervention group, or b) control group patients are monitored over time to see what happens
50
advantages of RCT?
prospective in nature minimizes bias allows for extensive control
51
disadvantages of RCT?
time-consuming costly patients may drop may have therapy changes often unethical to perform
52
single blind study
participants do not know if they are given experimental or non experimental treatment
53
double blind study
participants and observers do not know who is given experimental treatment
54
RCT is often not done if intervention is believed to be
best available
55
meta-analysis
summarizes info obtained in many single studies on one topic
56
decision analysis/cost-effectiveness analysis
summarizes data and show how it can inform clinical or policy decisions
57
quality of evidence hierarchy
RCT is best opinions descriptive studies case reports are least helpful
58
bias
tendency to believe that some people, ideas are better than others that usually results in a treating some people unfairly
59
research bias
a differential error that produces findings consistency distorted in one direction owing to nonrandom factors
60
types of assembly bias
selection bias allocation bias associated problems of validity
61
types of detection bias
measurement bias, recall bias
62
assembly bias
selection of study groups
63
selection bias
when subjects are allowed to select the study group they want to be in
64
allocation bias
when investigators choose a nonrandom method of assigning subjects or the protocol for random assignment is not followed
65
associated validity problems
RCTs must allow potential study subjects to choose to participate or not there will always be element of self selection
66

UC semester 1 (1 decks)

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