PBL1 Flashcards
How does the HPG work in males
- Hypothalamus produces GnRH
- this goes to the anterior pituitary causes the production of FSH and LH
- FSH goes to sertoli cells and gets them to produce DHT
- LH goes to ledwig cells and they produce testosterone
- testerones and inhibit then inhibit the anterior pituitary from producing LH and FSh and then they inhibit the Hypothalamus from producing GnRH
How does the HPG axis work in females
- Hypothalamus produces GnRH
- this goes to the anterior pituitary causes the production of FSH and LH
- LH cause testosterone produce in theca cells which then causes production of oestradiol in granulsoa cells
- testosterone then inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing LH and FSH and inhibits the hypothalamus from producing GnRH
what is puberty
Physiological transition from childhood to adolescence with development of secondary sexual characteristics
what cause puberty
- Onset caused by pulsatile release of GnRH from Hypothalamus
- Starts feedback loop causing release of other hormones and sex steroids
what does adrenarche mean
– Onset of androgen secretion by adrenal glands.
what does thelarche mean
Onset of breast growth (around 9-10 years old)
what does pubarche mean
Onset of pubic hair growth (begins around 10-12 years with proper growth for females 12-14 years, males 13-15 years
what does menarche mean
Onset of menstruation (affected by ethnicity, average around 13 years old in UK)
what is amenorrhoea
Absence of cessation of menstruation
what is primary amenorrhoea
failure to begin menarche
Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menses to occur by age 16 years, in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics
what is secondary amenorrhoea
absence of menstruation at any point after menarche
Secondaryamenorrheaisdefinedas the cessation of menses sometime after menarche has occurred
what is the cause of primary amenorrhoea
Genetic – Turner syndrome, androgen insensitivity
Developmental – gonadal dysgenesis, hypothalamic/pituitary failure, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
PCOS
what Is the cause of secondary amenorrhoea
Pregnancy Conditions affecting hypothalamus – weight loss, stress, rigorous exercise, severe illness Cancer Hypothyroidism Hyperandrogenism Ovarian failure PCOS Medications
what are some methods of contraception
- hormonal
- barrier
- intra-uterine devices
- sterilisation
- rhythm method
what are the types of hormonal contraception
Combined oestrogen & progestogen pills/patches
Progestogen-only pills/injectables/implants/vaginal
what are the types of barrier contraception
Condom, diaphragm, cervical cap
what do you need to know about coitus interrupts
Coitus interruptus (pull-out method) IS NOT AN EFFECTIVE FORM OF CONTRACEPTION
what are the two types of emergency contraception
- morning after pill
- IUD
describe the 2 pills
Levonelle – can be taken within 72 hours but most effective within 12 hours
ellaOne – can be taken within 120 hours but most effective as soon as possible after unprotected sex
describe the IUD method
Most effective form of emergency contraception
Must be fitted within five days of unprotected sex, or if possible to calculate then up to five days after you ovulate
what are the ways that you can diagnose pregnancy
detect hCG in urine/blood
ultrasound
what can cause a false negative in pregnancy
False negatives if performed too early
Ideally wait at least 28 days from LMP
how do you do ultrasound on a baby
Can visualise gestational sac from 4.5 weeks of gestation and yolk sac at 5 weeks
Embryo visualised from 5.5 weeks and heartbeat from 6 weeks
how do you work out the expected date of delivery
EDD = LMP + 1 week – 3 months + 1 year
LMP + 280 days
what can be used to work out more effectively the due date
Can be more accurately estimated from ultrasound, calculated by foetal size
describe the assisted conception methods
Intrauterine insemination – sperm placed into uterus
In vitro fertilisation – fertilisation of ovum outside of body then reimplanted
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection – single sperm injected into ovum
what are the symptoms of pregnancy
ammernohea nausea and vomiting breast tenderness and enlargement darkening of the areola frequency of micturition
what are the signs of pregnancy
breasts swollen and warm with prominent superficial veins and darkening of the areolae
uterus is soft and enlarged
cervix appears blush rather than pink
what can a false positive result be due to
alpha subunit of hCG is similar to LH FSH and TSH so can give a false positive due to cross reactivity
when can a urine pregnancy test be used from
most sensitive is 10 days
- should be 28 days
