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Human Development PBL > PBL1 > Flashcards

PBL1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the HPG work in males

A
  • Hypothalamus produces GnRH
  • this goes to the anterior pituitary causes the production of FSH and LH
  • FSH goes to sertoli cells and gets them to produce DHT
  • LH goes to ledwig cells and they produce testosterone
  • testerones and inhibit then inhibit the anterior pituitary from producing LH and FSh and then they inhibit the Hypothalamus from producing GnRH
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2
Q

How does the HPG axis work in females

A
  • Hypothalamus produces GnRH
  • this goes to the anterior pituitary causes the production of FSH and LH
  • LH cause testosterone produce in theca cells which then causes production of oestradiol in granulsoa cells
  • testosterone then inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing LH and FSH and inhibits the hypothalamus from producing GnRH
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3
Q

what is puberty

A

Physiological transition from childhood to adolescence with development of secondary sexual characteristics

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4
Q

what cause puberty

A
  • Onset caused by pulsatile release of GnRH from Hypothalamus
  • Starts feedback loop causing release of other hormones and sex steroids
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5
Q

what does adrenarche mean

A

– Onset of androgen secretion by adrenal glands.

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6
Q

what does thelarche mean

A

Onset of breast growth (around 9-10 years old)

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7
Q

what does pubarche mean

A

Onset of pubic hair growth (begins around 10-12 years with proper growth for females 12-14 years, males 13-15 years

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8
Q

what does menarche mean

A

Onset of menstruation (affected by ethnicity, average around 13 years old in UK)

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9
Q

what is amenorrhoea

A

Absence of cessation of menstruation

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10
Q

what is primary amenorrhoea

A

failure to begin menarche

Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menses to occur by age 16 years, in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

what is secondary amenorrhoea

A

absence of menstruation at any point after menarche

Secondaryamenorrheaisdefinedas the cessation of menses sometime after menarche has occurred

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12
Q

what is the cause of primary amenorrhoea

A

Genetic – Turner syndrome, androgen insensitivity
Developmental – gonadal dysgenesis, hypothalamic/pituitary failure, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
PCOS

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13
Q

what Is the cause of secondary amenorrhoea

A 
Pregnancy 
Conditions affecting hypothalamus – weight loss, stress, rigorous exercise, severe illness 
Cancer 
Hypothyroidism 
Hyperandrogenism 
Ovarian failure 
PCOS 
Medications
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14
Q

what are some methods of contraception

A
  • hormonal
  • barrier
  • intra-uterine devices
  • sterilisation
  • rhythm method
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15
Q

what are the types of hormonal contraception

A

Combined oestrogen & progestogen pills/patches

Progestogen-only pills/injectables/implants/vaginal

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16
Q

what are the types of barrier contraception

A

Condom, diaphragm, cervical cap

17
Q

what do you need to know about coitus interrupts

A

Coitus interruptus (pull-out method) IS NOT AN EFFECTIVE FORM OF CONTRACEPTION

18
Q

what are the two types of emergency contraception

A
  • morning after pill

- IUD

19
Q

describe the 2 pills

A

Levonelle – can be taken within 72 hours but most effective within 12 hours

ellaOne – can be taken within 120 hours but most effective as soon as possible after unprotected sex

20
Q

describe the IUD method

A

Most effective form of emergency contraception

Must be fitted within five days of unprotected sex, or if possible to calculate then up to five days after you ovulate

21
Q

what are the ways that you can diagnose pregnancy

A

detect hCG in urine/blood

ultrasound

22
Q

what can cause a false negative in pregnancy

A

False negatives if performed too early

Ideally wait at least 28 days from LMP

23
Q

how do you do ultrasound on a baby

A

Can visualise gestational sac from 4.5 weeks of gestation and yolk sac at 5 weeks

Embryo visualised from 5.5 weeks and heartbeat from 6 weeks

24
Q

how do you work out the expected date of delivery

A

EDD = LMP + 1 week – 3 months + 1 year

LMP + 280 days

25
Q

what can be used to work out more effectively the due date

A

Can be more accurately estimated from ultrasound, calculated by foetal size

26
Q

describe the assisted conception methods

A

Intrauterine insemination – sperm placed into uterus

In vitro fertilisation – fertilisation of ovum outside of body then reimplanted

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection – single sperm injected into ovum

27
Q

what are the symptoms of pregnancy

A 
ammernohea 
nausea and vomiting 
breast tenderness and enlargement 
darkening of the areola 
frequency of micturition
28
Q

what are the signs of pregnancy

A

breasts swollen and warm with prominent superficial veins and darkening of the areolae

uterus is soft and enlarged

cervix appears blush rather than pink

29
Q

what can a false positive result be due to

A

alpha subunit of hCG is similar to LH FSH and TSH so can give a false positive due to cross reactivity

30
Q

when can a urine pregnancy test be used from

A

most sensitive is 10 days

- should be 28 days

Human Development PBL (5 decks)

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