PBL 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some physical symptoms of anxiety?

A

muscle tension (causes headaches, pain and fatigue)

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2
Q

what are some common psychological anxiety symptoms?

A
poor concentration/memory
fear/panic/worry/on-edge/irritable
thoughts about future danger
fear of dying or losing control
worrying about worrying
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3
Q

what are other symptoms of anxiety?

A
pacing room
wringing of hands
sighing
coping mechanisms e.g. smoking
avoiding fear-provoking situations
safety behaviours
asking for reassurance
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4
Q

which area in the brain handles most of the emotional processing?

A

the limbic system (hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and amygdala) whilst the prefrontal cortex is for the integration for decision making`

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5
Q

what are the functions of normal levels of anxiety?

A

Helps to plan and prepare for threat
‘fight or flight’, to preserve genes and survive
Moderate levels enhance learning and performance

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6
Q

when does normal anxiety become abnormal anxiety?

A

Anxiety becomes a problem when it interferes with someone’s life/functioning

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7
Q

what are panic attacks?

A

discrete episodes of intense anxiety, with abrupt onset of symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness or faintness, fear of losing control or going crazy, fear of dying.

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8
Q

how could anxiety be affected by serotonin?

A

Low serotonin levels can occur genetically/naturally, and can also be created by your emotions. This is linked to anxiety and depression. this is why SSRIs work to reduce anxiety

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9
Q

how could anxiety be affected by noradrenaline?

A

Noradrenaline is responsible for many of the symptoms of anxiety such as rapid heartbeat and sweating.
In some cases the hormone can start becoming overactive, often as a result of regular stress

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10
Q

how could anxiety be affected by dopamine?

A

There is evidence that improving dopamine levels will reduce social anxiety, and possibly other anxiety disorders.

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11
Q

how could anxiety be affected by GABA?

A

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain has shown a strong association with the development of mood disorders, indicating that GABA appears to have an effect on emotions.
low causes anxiety

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12
Q

how could anxiety be affected by thyroid hormone?

A

Hyperthyroid, which is an overproduction of thyroid hormone, has been linked to the development of severe anxiety and panic attacks.

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13
Q

how do we acquire anxiety responses and how do we maintain them?

A

acquired through classical conditioning as the stimulus is associated with negativity
maintained by operant conditioning where behavioural is alternated due to reward or punishment

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14
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

A learning process where a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus by repeated pairing.

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15
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

The alteration of behaviour by reward or punishment, certain responses are learned because they affect the environment

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16
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

Presenting a pleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour has occurred, this will increase the likelihood of the desired behaviour in the future.

17
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour has occurred, this will increase the likelihood of the desired behaviour in the future.

18
Q

what is punishment?

A

Presenting an unpleasant stimulus after an undesired behaviour has occurred, this will decrease the likelihood of the undesired behaviour in the future.

19
Q

what is extinction?

A

Removing a previously pleasant stimulus after an undesired behaviour has occurred, this will decrease the likelihood of the undesired behaviour in the future.

20
Q

what are anxiolytics?

A

drugs which reduce anxiety

21
Q

what are benzodiazepines?

A

GABA A receptor agonists used for sleeping problems and anxiety

22
Q

What are benzodiazepine’s mechanism of action?

A

They bind to a regulatory site on the GABAA receptor to enhance the inhibitory effect of GABA.
Increases the influx of Cl- into the neuron, causing hyperpolarisation and inhibiting action potentials.

23
Q

how can antidepressants reduce anxiety?

A

by increasing the concentration of neurotransmitters that the brain uses e.g. serotonin

24
Q

how can buspirone reduce anxiety?

A

by stimulating serotonin and dopamine receptors on nerves, thereby altering the chemical messages that nerves receive

25
Q

what is pregabalin?

A

an anticonvulsant

26
Q

what is pregabalin’s mechanism of action?

A

It increases the action of GABA