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CV & R - Week 1 > PBL > Flashcards

PBL Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal artery originate from?

A

Aorta

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2
Q

Where does the anterior intercostal artery originate from?

A

Internal thoracic artery (or its branches)

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3
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery originate from?

A

The subclavian artery

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4
Q

The internal thoracic artery bifurcates in to…

A

The musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries

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5
Q

List the three general sections of a vessel wall.

A
  1. Tunica intima (innermost)
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia
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6
Q

What is the general function of arteries?

A

To take oxygenated blood from the heart and deliver it to capillaries for oxygen and nutrient exchange to occur. (Exception is pulmonary artery which takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs)

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7
Q

List the four main types of artery in the body.

A
  1. Large elastic (conducting arteries)
  2. Medium muscular (distributing) arteries
  3. Arterioles
  4. Metarterioles
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8
Q

What is the function of the large elastic/conducting arteries?

A

To ‘conduct’ blood from heart to regions of body where it can be distributed.

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9
Q

List examples of large elastic/conducting arteries.

A
  1. Aorta

2. Pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

Describe the tunica intima of large elastic/conducting arteries.

A

Endothelial cells with a thin subendothelium of connective tissue and discontinuous elastic laminae.

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11
Q

Describe the tunica media of large elastic/conducting arteries/

A

40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes with smooth muscle cells and collagen between these lamellae.

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12
Q

Which layer is the thickest part of an elastic artery?

A

The tunica media

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13
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia of large elastic/conducting arteries.

A

Thin layer of connective tissue containing lymphatics, nerves and vasa vasorum.

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14
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

Blood vessels that supply blood to the artery

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15
Q

What is the function of medium muscular/distributing arteries?

A

To distribute blood to the sub regions of the body

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16
Q

Describe the tunica intima of medium arteries.

A

Endothelium, subendothelial layer, thick elastic lamina

17
Q

Describe the tunica media of medium arteries.

A

Approx 40 layers of smooth muscle connected by gap junctions to allow coordinated contraction

18
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia of medium arteries.

A

Minor Vasa vasorum, nerves, lymphatics

19
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

To carry blood from medium arteries to metarterioles.

20
Q

Describe the structure of arterioles.

A
  1. Diameter of less than 0.1mm
  2. Generally have 3 layers of smooth muscle cells
  3. Internal elastic lamina is absent
  4. External elastic lamina only present in larger arterioles
21
Q

What is the function of metarterioles?

A

To supply capillary beds with blood

22
Q

Describe the structure of metarterioles.

A
  1. Intermediate rings of smooth muscle located at certain points (not continuous)
  2. These rings are known as precapillary sphincters which contract to control blood flow to capillary bed.
23
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary.

A
  1. Single layer of endothelium

2. Concordant basement membrane

24
Q

List the three types of capillary.

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoidal
25
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Nutrient, gas and waste exchange with tissues that they supply

26
Q

How do the three types of capillary differ from each other?

A

They each have variably sized gaps between the endothelial cells to allow for molecules structures leaving the capillary.

27
Q

Where would continuous capillaries be found?

A

Skeletal muscle where only water and ions can leave.

28
Q

Give an example of where sinusoidal capillaries would be located.

A

The liver as larger structures like cells and proteins need to be able to leave.

29
Q

Give an example of where fenestrated capillaries may be found.

A

Kidneys

30
Q

What is the function of the venous system?

A

To take deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and deliver it to the heart for oxygenation. (Exception is pulmonary vein which returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium).

31
Q

List the types of vessels found in the venous system.

A
  1. Postcapillary venules
  2. Venules
  3. Veins
32
Q

What is the function of postcapillary venules?

A

To receive blood from the capillaries and empty it in to venules.

33
Q

Why does tissue fluid tend to drain in to postcapillary venules?

A

Their pressure is lower than that of the capillaries or surrounding tissue.

34
Q

Describe the structure of postcapillary venules.

A
  1. Endothelial lining with associated pericytes
  2. Diameter of 10-30 micrometers
  3. More pemeable than capillaries so site of WBC migration
35
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

To continue moving blood away from the capillaries.

36
Q

Describe the structure of venules.

A
  1. Endothelium associated with pericytes or smooth muscle cells to form very thin wall.
  2. Diameter up to 1mm
  3. Valves to restrict back flow of blood
37
Q

Describe the structure of small and medium veins.

A
  1. Well developed tunica adventitia

2. Thin tunica intima and media

38
Q

Describe the structure of large veins.

A
  1. Diameter greater than 10mm
  2. Thicker tunica intima
  3. Well developed longitudinal smooth muscle in tunica adventitia
  4. Tunica media has circular smooth muscle
  5. Valves to prevent back flow and help propel blood to heart
39
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Deep paired veins wrapped together with an artery in one sheath. The pulsations of the artery promote venous return.

CV & R - Week 1 (10 decks)

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