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PBIO Final Flashcards

1
Q

Three Genomes Present in Plants

A

Mictochondiral, Chloroplast, and Nuclear

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2
Q

Gregor Medel

A

Worked with pea plants, single gene inheritance and dihybrid crosses

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3
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

Used Drosophila to make discoveries in linkage and crossovers. Along with the distance of genes on chromosomes

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4
Q

Barbara McClintock

A

Used Maize to discover genetic recombination and transposons

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

Makes up chromosomes, consists of DNA and proteins

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6
Q

Forward Genetics

A

Genetic mutant’s phenotype is used to help find the mutant’s genotype

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7
Q

Chiasma

A

Visual manifestaion of a crossover in chromosomes

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8
Q

Recombination

A

Happens during meiosis in prophase II

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9
Q

Alleles

A

One of the different forms of a gene that can exist in a single locus

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10
Q

A/a

A

Indicates heterozygous allales and that they are on separate homologs

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11
Q

AB/ab

A

Linked in cis

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12
Q

A/a;B/b

A

Not linked genes

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13
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

Used E.Coli to determine that replication was semi-conservative

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14
Q

Sanger

A

Came up with Sanger/Dideoxy sequencing

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15
Q

Rich Jorgenson

A

Cosuppression using petunias

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16
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A=T and G=C

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17
Q

Kary Mullis

A

Created PCR

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18
Q

Shine-Dalgarno

A

Sequence in a prokaryotic organism that says the next AUG in the sequence is to be used to initiate translocation

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19
Q

Okazaki Fragmens

A

Nucelotide fragments that are created while synthesizing the lagging strand

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20
Q

Taq

A

Enzyme used in PCR because it is extremely heat resistant

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21
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

Joins amino acids to their correspnding tRNA

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22
Q

Ubiquitination

A

Posttranslational modification that marks a protein for degradtion

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23
Q

Release Factors

A

Bind to stop codons

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24
Q

Operator

A

Binds to the bacterial repressor proteins

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25
Q

Three Modifications for mRNA

A

5’ cap is added, introns are sliced and polyadenylation tail

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26
Q

Intron Splicing

A

Can lead to multiple proteins from one gene

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27
Q

Dideoxy Sequencing

A

Sequence is primed and put into a tube with dNTPs, ddATP and DNA polymerase. The dNTPs will pair with the template. If ddATP binds in place of dATP the sequence will stop pairing.

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28
Q

Teleomeres

A

Are shortened everytime it is synthezied. This can lead to cancer (due to rapid divison) and premature aging.

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29
Q

Genomics

A

Cloning and molecular characterizatoin of entire genomes

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30
Q

Proteomics

A

Large scale study of proteins in genomes

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31
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Group of methods that store, organize, and analyze biological data

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32
Q

Contig Assembly

A

Cut the genome into random fragments, make library of the fragments, sequence each clone, overlap the sequence reads, and overlap the contigs for a continuous sequence

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33
Q

Ordered-Clone Sequencing

A

Order large-insert clones by overlaping fingerprints to create a physical map, select clones with minimal overlap, divide into subclones, sequence subclones, assemble the subclones to create the sequence

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34
Q

Microarray

A

Set of DNAs containing all or more genes in a genome depsited on a small chip

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35
Q

Microarray Process

A

Exposed to two probes, hybridized, uses laser detection to revel the levels of expression

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36
Q

Yeast Two Hybrid Test

A

Measures protein-protein interactions

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37
Q

Yeast Two Hybrid Test Process

A

Binds a bait protein and a target protein to restore the use of the GAL4, one protein is spliced next to the binding domain and another to the activation domain. They are then put into the same yeast cell and observed

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38
Q

IS Elements

A

Segments of bacterial DNA that can move from one position on a chromosome to a different position on the same or different chromosome, interuppting the expression

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39
Q

Composite Transposons

A

Variety of gnes that reside between two IS elements that form inverted repeats. Transposase is needed to move the transposon

40
Q

Simple Transposons

A

Bacterial genes that are flnaked by inverted repeats, but are too short. They incode their own transposase vs. IS associativity

41
Q

Replicative Transposition

A

Copy and paste

42
Q

Conservative Transposition

A

Cut and paste

43
Q

Conintegrate

A

Replicative transposition happens and there I sone large plasmid that connects the original and new plasmids

44
Q

Classes of Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes

A

Retrotransposons and DNA transposons

45
Q

Retrotransposons

A

Found by Gerry Fink, employ reverse transcriptase to transpose through an RNA intermediate that produces a double stranded copy

46
Q

DNA Transposons

A

Consist of P elements and Ac/Ds elements

47
Q

P Elements

A

Resemble simple transposons of bactera because the ends are short Irs and it only encodes a single protein

48
Q

Ac/Ds Elements

A

Ac has terminal Irs and transposase. Ds is nonautonomous and cannot encode transposase, so it can’t move on its own

49
Q

Two Types of Transposons in Humans

A

LINES and SINES

50
Q

LINES

A

Moves like retrotransposons with the help of element-encoded reverse transcirptase

51
Q

SINES

A

Short interspersed sequences that are nonautonomous and can’t encode transcriptase

52
Q

Why Transposons Don’t Jump in Humans

A

Most are ancient and can no longer moved, plus they are never found in entrons

53
Q

Synonymous Mutation

A

aka silent. A codon is altered, but the amino acid remains the same

54
Q

Conservative Missense

A

An amino acid is changed, but doesn’t affect the protein function

55
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Codon is now a stop signal

56
Q

Indel

A

Insertions and deletions that can cause frameshifts

57
Q

Consequences of mutations

A

Can alter mRNA splicing and can change the protein products

58
Q

Intercalating Agents

A

A group of molecuels that mimics the base pairs and are able to slip themselves in between the stacked nitrogen bases at the core of the double helix

59
Q

Ames Test

A

Loops to see if a compoud is mutagen by putting the chemical to be metabolized by liver cells and then seeing how it affects his- to his+ conversion

60
Q

Photo Reactivation

A

(Direct reversal) The CPD enzyme splits a photdimer to repair the sequence. This requires light

61
Q

Base Excision

A

Base is cleaved out out and the DNA is cut, the polymerase synthesizes the new DNA and the ligase seals it

62
Q

Nucleotide Excision

A

Uses multiple protein complex to cut and repair, it sometimes need a bypass polymerase. The replication forks and transcription completes

63
Q

Mismatch

A

MutS recognizes the mismatch, MutH recognizes the parent and nicks the daughter strand, the new strand is excised and relaced

64
Q

Translesion

A

Error prone repair. Bypass polymearse replaced the stalled pol III and continues the synthesis then falls off

65
Q

Nonhomologus End Joining

A

Repairs double stranded breaks, but is error prone. It trims the ends of the break and uses ligase to reseal it

66
Q

SDSA

A

Reparis double stranded breaks, error free. Ends are trimmed and the broken strand invades its sister chromatin and synthesizes. The DNA unwinds from the template and anneals

67
Q

Euploid

A

A cell having any number of complete chromosome sets or an individual organism composed of such cells

68
Q

Polyploid

A

A cell with three or more chromosome sets

69
Q

Autopolyploids

A

Have multiple chromosome sets originating from one species

70
Q

Allopolyploids

A

Have sets from two or more species

71
Q

Colchicine

A

Used to induce polyploidy

72
Q

Aneuploid

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes

73
Q

Acentric

A

A chromosome lacks a centromere

74
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21, resulting in an extra chromosome

75
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes fail to separate during division

76
Q

Paracentric Inversion

A

Inversion happens on the same side of the centromere

77
Q

Pericentric Inversion

A

Inversion happens on the other side of the centromere

78
Q

Reciprocal Translocation

A

Two chromosomes trade acentric fragments created by two simultanous chromosome breaks

79
Q

Translocations and Cancer

A

Alter proto-oncogenes that can result in cancer because a gene is either relocated next to a new regulatory sequence or there is a formation of a hybrid gene

80
Q

Detect Variation

A

Through SNPs, microsatillites and haplotypes

81
Q

Haplotype

A

Combination of alleles at adjacent locations on a chromosome that are inherited together

82
Q

HapMap

A

Genomic wid haplotype map that has been gathered with human population genetics over the last decade

83
Q

Gene Pool

A

Sum of total alleles in the breeding members of a population at a given time

84
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A

Equation that related the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies to a random mating population P2 + P2Q + P2 = 1

85
Q

Assumptions

A

Population is large, mating is random, no immigration/emigration, no natural selection and no mutations

86
Q

Sources of Variation

A

Mutations, migration, recombination and genetic drift

87
Q

Force the Control Variation Fate

A

Genetic drift and natural selection

88
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

Traits show a continuous range of variation and do not behave in simple Mendelian fashion

89
Q

QTL

A

Hereditary continuous variation

90
Q

Complex Variation

A

Environmental and genetic

91
Q

Broad-Sense heritability

A

Ratio of total genetic variance and total phenotypic variance

92
Q

Narrow-Sense heritability

A

Ratio of additive genetic variance and total phenotypic ratio

93
Q

QTL Mapping

A

A method for locating QTL in the genome and characterizing the effects of QTL on trait variation

94
Q

Natural Selection

A

Darwin theorized that populations change over time as the environment favors features that enhance the ability to survive and reproduce

95
Q

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

A

Most mutations in DNA and amino acid replacements between species are fundamentally neutral

96
Q

Ballard

A

I learned that there are sesveral different forms of radiation that could cause a population to rapidly diverify into several closely related species

Genetics (2 decks)

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