PBA Review Flashcards
Blood pressure is measured in….
mmHg
Heart rate is measured in….
BPM (beats per minuite)
Inhalations are measured in….
RPM (respirations per minuite)
Scholar S means….
Symptoms (what symptoms have you noticed?)
Scholar C means….
Characteristics (describe your swelling)
Scholar H means….
History (has this happened before? does anyone in your family have high blood pressure?)
Scholar O means….
Onset (when did you first start experiencing this?)
Scholar L means….
Location (Where is the swelling occurring, has it happened anywhere else?)
Scholar A means….
Aggravating Factors (Is there anything that you have noticed that makes the symptoms worse?)
Scholar R means….
Remitting Factors (is there anything that helps relieve the symptoms?)
Normal heart rate for a newborn
70-170
Normal heart rate for 1-6 years old
75-160
Normal heart rate for 6-12 years old
80-120
Normal heart rate for an adult
60-100
Normal heart rate for conditioned athletes
50-100
Normal respiratory rate for newborns - 6 months
30-60
Normal heart rate for 6-12 months
24-30
Normal heart rate for 1-5 years
20-30
Normal heart rate for 6 years old and above
12-20
Blood pressure is ?BP/?BP
Systolic / Diastolic SBP/DBP
What is normal BP in adults?
<120 mmHg / <80 mmHg
What is elevated BP in adults
120-129 mmHg / <80 mmHg
Stage 1 hypertension is
130-139 mmHg / 80-89 mmHg
Stage 2 hypertension is
> 140 mmHg / >90 mmHg
What BP is needed to be a hypertensive urgency?
> 180 mmHg / >120 mmHg
Primary headaches - no underlying cause
What types?
Tension
Migraine
Cluster
Secondary headaches - underlying cause
What underlying causes?
Stroke
Hypertensive crisis
Trauma
Infections
Tension headaches
Most common form of headache
May be induced by stress, anxiety, or awkward head/neck movements
More common in women
May be episodic or chronic (15 more more per month)
What are symptoms of tension headaches?
Dull, bilateral pain (hatband pain)
Constant not pulsing
Photophobia or phonophobia
Type of pain in a migraine?
Throbing or pulsating
Casues or triggers or migraines?
Neuronal or vascular changes
Location of migraines?
Unilateral, usually only seen on one side of the head
Onset of a migraine?
Very sudden
Duration of a migraine?
4 to 72 hours
Symptoms of migraines?
Photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting, aura
Treatment for migraines?
Dark room, lying down, botulism toxin, triptans, biologics
Type of pain in cluster headaches?
Severe, constant, sharp
Causes or triggers of cluster headaches?
Hypoxia (low levels of oxygen), unusual histamine or serotonin release
Location of cluster headaches?
Unilateral around / behind the eye
Onset of cluster headaches?
Sudden
Duration of cluster headaches?
15m - 3 hours but can keep reoccurring over months
Symptoms of cluster headaches
Photophobia, phonophobia, nasal congestion, eye swelling
Treatment for cluster headaches?
Oxygen
Type of pain in tension headaches?
Dull, squeezing, not pulsating
Causes of tension headaches?
Stress, anxiety
Location of tension headaches?
Bilateral (hatband)
Onset of tension headaches?
Gradual
Duration of tension headaches?
Variable, hours to days
Treatment of tension headaches?
Analgesics, caffeine, stress management
Self care treatment for headaches (non-pharm)
Avoid stress or triggers
Exercise, massage, stretching, sleep hygiene
Heat or cold packs
Self care treatment for headaches (pharm)
Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, Excedrin (asprin, caffeine, acetaminophen)
Do not take OTCs for more than 15 days in a month causes rebound headaches
When to refer for a headache
Uncontrolled hypertension
Trauma
Neck stiffness
Fever, weakness, fatigue (signs of infection)
Stroke
Confusion
Frequent occurrence >15 per month
Sudden, frequent onset headaches in older population
OTCs ineffective
Having migraine / cluster headaches
What is conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva - the thin mucus layer on the outside of the eye
Causes of conjunctivitis?
Infection (bacterial or viral)
Allergies
How long does conjunctivitis usually last?
2-3 weeks
What is bacterial conjunctivitis usually caused by?
S. pneumonia, S. aureus, H. influenzae
Symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Ocular YELLOW/GREEN discharge, often worse in the morning
May start in one eye and spread to the other
Red / pink eyes
Eye pain, blurred vision
Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Antibiotic eye drops (refer)
Frequent hand washing
Avoid sharing objects
Cause of viral conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus, viral is more common than bacterial
Do you refer for bacterial or viral conjunctivitis?
Bacterial to get antibiotics
Viral cannot be treated with antibiotics
Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?
Usually clear, watery discharge
Red/ Pink eyes
May have other URT symptoms such as rhinitis, sore throat or cough
Eye pain
Treatment of viral conjunctivitis?
OTC eye lubricants, ocular decongestants, oral antihistamines. cold compress
Frequent hand washing
Avoid sharing objects
What are the triggers for allergic conjunctivitis?
Common allergens, pollen, pets, dust mites
Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?
Eye itching, discomfort
Clear watery discharge
Pink / Red eyes
Sneezing / Rhinorrhea
Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?
Allergen avoidance
Eyedrop antihistamines / vasoconstrictors
Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn eye drops)
Causes of dry eye conjunctivitis?
Increased age
Female sex
Allergens
Medications (anticholinergics, diuretics, decongestants, antidepressants)
Dry air
Symptoms of dry eye conjunctivitis?
Sandy / gritty feeling or like something is stuck in the eye
Treatment of dry eye conjunctivitis?
Avoid triggers
Screen downtime
Air humidifiers
Artificial tears
What is irritant conjunctivitis?
Foreign body in the eye (chemicals, smoke, objects, chlorine)
Treatment of irritant conjunctivitis?
Remove objects
Eye flush with clean water
Avoid irritation any further (rubbing)
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation of the edge of the eyelid (may be swollen, inflamed, itchy)
Causes of blepharitis?
May be caused by allergies or bacterial
Treatment for blepharitis?
Warm compress
Artificial tears
Eyelid cleaning / cleansing
May lead to formation of stye if left untreated
What eye conditions do you self treat?
Dry eye conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis
Mild blepharitis or styes that have not yet been treated or are newly formed
Eye conditions that lead you to refer
Eye pain
Significant vision changes
Unable to remove foreign body
Photophobia
Trauma
Symptoms not improving or worsening
Self-care options have been unsuccessful
Contact lens wearers
Exposure to chemicals
Sever eye redness
How to counsel on eye drops
- Wash hands well with soap and water and dry
- Remove glasses or contacts
- Remove the cap, making sure nothing touches the tip of the bottle
- Tilt you head back or lie down, gently pull the lower lid of your eye down to form a pocket (kids pull top of eyelid)
- Hold the bottle close to the eye but make sure it doesn’t touch the eye or eyelid
- Look away from the drop and place one drop into the eye
- Hold eyelid to allow the solution to spread, then close eye and apply light pressure to nasolacrimal opening on side of nose for 30 seconds to avoid systemic absorption and loss of product
- Wipe any excess liquid from the face
- Wait 5 minutes before applying second drop
- Wash hands afterwards to remove any medication
What is otitis externa?
Swimmer ear (inflammation and or infection of the external ear canal)
What cause otitis externa
Frequent / constant moisture (sweat/water)
Trauma (cotton swabs)
Chronic earpiece wearing
Symptoms of otitis externa
Ear pain / swelling with / without purulent discharge
Fever
Hearing impairment
Treatment of otitis externa
Eardrops (antibacterial and / or glucocorticoid)
Antiseptic drops
Oral analgesics (ibuprofen / Tylenol)
What is otitis media
Inflammation of the middle ear
Who usually get otitis media
Usually occurs in young children (common ear infection)
Can be bacterial or viral
Symptoms of otitis media
Ear pain (child tugging at bear, cranky, feeling bad)
Decreased hearing
Fever
Treatment of otitis media
Most cases resolve on their own / self-limiting
Analgesics or antipyretics for duration of illness
May consider oral antibiotics if not cleared up in 48 hours
