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PHRM820 > PBA Review > Flashcards

PBA Review Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pressure is measured in….

A

mmHg

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2
Q

Heart rate is measured in….

A

BPM (beats per minuite)

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3
Q

Inhalations are measured in….

A

RPM (respirations per minuite)

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4
Q

Scholar S means….

A

Symptoms (what symptoms have you noticed?)

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5
Q

Scholar C means….

A

Characteristics (describe your swelling)

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6
Q

Scholar H means….

A

History (has this happened before? does anyone in your family have high blood pressure?)

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7
Q

Scholar O means….

A

Onset (when did you first start experiencing this?)

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8
Q

Scholar L means….

A

Location (Where is the swelling occurring, has it happened anywhere else?)

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9
Q

Scholar A means….

A

Aggravating Factors (Is there anything that you have noticed that makes the symptoms worse?)

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10
Q

Scholar R means….

A

Remitting Factors (is there anything that helps relieve the symptoms?)

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11
Q

Normal heart rate for a newborn

A

70-170

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12
Q

Normal heart rate for 1-6 years old

A

75-160

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13
Q

Normal heart rate for 6-12 years old

A

80-120

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14
Q

Normal heart rate for an adult

A

60-100

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15
Q

Normal heart rate for conditioned athletes

A

50-100

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16
Q

Normal respiratory rate for newborns - 6 months

A

30-60

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17
Q

Normal heart rate for 6-12 months

A

24-30

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18
Q

Normal heart rate for 1-5 years

A

20-30

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19
Q

Normal heart rate for 6 years old and above

A

12-20

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20
Q

Blood pressure is ?BP/?BP

A

Systolic / Diastolic SBP/DBP

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21
Q

What is normal BP in adults?

A

<120 mmHg / <80 mmHg

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22
Q

What is elevated BP in adults

A

120-129 mmHg / <80 mmHg

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23
Q

Stage 1 hypertension is

A

130-139 mmHg / 80-89 mmHg

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24
Q

Stage 2 hypertension is

A

> 140 mmHg / >90 mmHg

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25
Q

What BP is needed to be a hypertensive urgency?

A

> 180 mmHg / >120 mmHg

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26
Q

Primary headaches - no underlying cause
What types?

A

Tension
Migraine
Cluster

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27
Q

Secondary headaches - underlying cause
What underlying causes?

A

Stroke
Hypertensive crisis
Trauma
Infections

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28
Q

Tension headaches

A

Most common form of headache
May be induced by stress, anxiety, or awkward head/neck movements
More common in women
May be episodic or chronic (15 more more per month)

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29
Q

What are symptoms of tension headaches?

A

Dull, bilateral pain (hatband pain)
Constant not pulsing
Photophobia or phonophobia

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30
Q

Type of pain in a migraine?

A

Throbing or pulsating

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31
Q

Casues or triggers or migraines?

A

Neuronal or vascular changes

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32
Q

Location of migraines?

A

Unilateral, usually only seen on one side of the head

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33
Q

Onset of a migraine?

A

Very sudden

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34
Q

Duration of a migraine?

A

4 to 72 hours

35
Q

Symptoms of migraines?

A

Photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting, aura

36
Q

Treatment for migraines?

A

Dark room, lying down, botulism toxin, triptans, biologics

37
Q

Type of pain in cluster headaches?

A

Severe, constant, sharp

38
Q

Causes or triggers of cluster headaches?

A

Hypoxia (low levels of oxygen), unusual histamine or serotonin release

39
Q

Location of cluster headaches?

A

Unilateral around / behind the eye

40
Q

Onset of cluster headaches?

A

Sudden

41
Q

Duration of cluster headaches?

A

15m - 3 hours but can keep reoccurring over months

42
Q

Symptoms of cluster headaches

A

Photophobia, phonophobia, nasal congestion, eye swelling

43
Q

Treatment for cluster headaches?

A

Oxygen

44
Q

Type of pain in tension headaches?

A

Dull, squeezing, not pulsating

45
Q

Causes of tension headaches?

A

Stress, anxiety

46
Q

Location of tension headaches?

A

Bilateral (hatband)

47
Q

Onset of tension headaches?

A

Gradual

48
Q

Duration of tension headaches?

A

Variable, hours to days

49
Q

Treatment of tension headaches?

A

Analgesics, caffeine, stress management

50
Q

Self care treatment for headaches (non-pharm)

A

Avoid stress or triggers
Exercise, massage, stretching, sleep hygiene
Heat or cold packs

51
Q

Self care treatment for headaches (pharm)

A

Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, Excedrin (asprin, caffeine, acetaminophen)
Do not take OTCs for more than 15 days in a month causes rebound headaches

52
Q

When to refer for a headache

A

Uncontrolled hypertension
Trauma
Neck stiffness
Fever, weakness, fatigue (signs of infection)
Stroke
Confusion
Frequent occurrence >15 per month
Sudden, frequent onset headaches in older population
OTCs ineffective
Having migraine / cluster headaches

53
Q

What is conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva - the thin mucus layer on the outside of the eye

54
Q

Causes of conjunctivitis?

A

Infection (bacterial or viral)
Allergies

55
Q

How long does conjunctivitis usually last?

A

2-3 weeks

56
Q

What is bacterial conjunctivitis usually caused by?

A

S. pneumonia, S. aureus, H. influenzae

57
Q

Symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Ocular YELLOW/GREEN discharge, often worse in the morning
May start in one eye and spread to the other
Red / pink eyes
Eye pain, blurred vision

58
Q

Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Antibiotic eye drops (refer)
Frequent hand washing
Avoid sharing objects

59
Q

Cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus, viral is more common than bacterial

60
Q

Do you refer for bacterial or viral conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial to get antibiotics
Viral cannot be treated with antibiotics

61
Q

Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Usually clear, watery discharge
Red/ Pink eyes
May have other URT symptoms such as rhinitis, sore throat or cough
Eye pain

62
Q

Treatment of viral conjunctivitis?

A

OTC eye lubricants, ocular decongestants, oral antihistamines. cold compress
Frequent hand washing
Avoid sharing objects

63
Q

What are the triggers for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Common allergens, pollen, pets, dust mites

64
Q

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Eye itching, discomfort
Clear watery discharge
Pink / Red eyes
Sneezing / Rhinorrhea

65
Q

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Allergen avoidance
Eyedrop antihistamines / vasoconstrictors
Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn eye drops)

66
Q

Causes of dry eye conjunctivitis?

A

Increased age
Female sex
Allergens
Medications (anticholinergics, diuretics, decongestants, antidepressants)
Dry air

67
Q

Symptoms of dry eye conjunctivitis?

A

Sandy / gritty feeling or like something is stuck in the eye

68
Q

Treatment of dry eye conjunctivitis?

A

Avoid triggers
Screen downtime
Air humidifiers
Artificial tears

69
Q

What is irritant conjunctivitis?

A

Foreign body in the eye (chemicals, smoke, objects, chlorine)

70
Q

Treatment of irritant conjunctivitis?

A

Remove objects
Eye flush with clean water
Avoid irritation any further (rubbing)

71
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of the edge of the eyelid (may be swollen, inflamed, itchy)

72
Q

Causes of blepharitis?

A

May be caused by allergies or bacterial

73
Q

Treatment for blepharitis?

A

Warm compress
Artificial tears
Eyelid cleaning / cleansing
May lead to formation of stye if left untreated

74
Q

What eye conditions do you self treat?

A

Dry eye conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis
Mild blepharitis or styes that have not yet been treated or are newly formed

75
Q

Eye conditions that lead you to refer

A

Eye pain
Significant vision changes
Unable to remove foreign body
Photophobia
Trauma
Symptoms not improving or worsening
Self-care options have been unsuccessful
Contact lens wearers
Exposure to chemicals
Sever eye redness

76
Q

How to counsel on eye drops

A
  1. Wash hands well with soap and water and dry
  2. Remove glasses or contacts
  3. Remove the cap, making sure nothing touches the tip of the bottle
  4. Tilt you head back or lie down, gently pull the lower lid of your eye down to form a pocket (kids pull top of eyelid)
  5. Hold the bottle close to the eye but make sure it doesn’t touch the eye or eyelid
  6. Look away from the drop and place one drop into the eye
  7. Hold eyelid to allow the solution to spread, then close eye and apply light pressure to nasolacrimal opening on side of nose for 30 seconds to avoid systemic absorption and loss of product
  8. Wipe any excess liquid from the face
  9. Wait 5 minutes before applying second drop
  10. Wash hands afterwards to remove any medication
77
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Swimmer ear (inflammation and or infection of the external ear canal)

78
Q

What cause otitis externa

A

Frequent / constant moisture (sweat/water)
Trauma (cotton swabs)
Chronic earpiece wearing

79
Q

Symptoms of otitis externa

A

Ear pain / swelling with / without purulent discharge
Fever
Hearing impairment

80
Q

Treatment of otitis externa

A

Eardrops (antibacterial and / or glucocorticoid)
Antiseptic drops
Oral analgesics (ibuprofen / Tylenol)

81
Q

What is otitis media

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

82
Q

Who usually get otitis media

A

Usually occurs in young children (common ear infection)
Can be bacterial or viral

83
Q

Symptoms of otitis media

A

Ear pain (child tugging at bear, cranky, feeling bad)
Decreased hearing
Fever

84
Q

Treatment of otitis media

A

Most cases resolve on their own / self-limiting
Analgesics or antipyretics for duration of illness
May consider oral antibiotics if not cleared up in 48 hours

PHRM820 (1 decks)

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