PBA #1 Flashcards
low blood pressure range for adults
< 60 bpm
normal blood pressure range for adults
60-100 bpm
high blood pressure range for adults
> 100 bpm
normal blood pressure range for conditioned athletes
50-100 bpm
normal respiratory rate for adults
12-20 rpm
normal systolic blood pressure range for adults
< 120 mm Hg
normal diastolic blood pressure range for adults
< 80 mm Hg
elevated systolic blood pressure range for adults
120-129 mm Hg
elevated diastolic blood pressure range for adults
< 80 mm Hg
stage 1 hypertension systolic blood pressure range for adults
130-139 mm Hg
stage 1 hypertension diastolic blood pressure range for adults
80-89 mm Hg
stage 2 hypertension systolic blood pressure range for adults
> = 140 mm Hg
stage 2 hypertension diastolic blood pressure range for adults
> = 90 mm Hg
tension headache symptoms
-dull, bilateral “hatband” pain
-constant, not pulsing
-may or may not have photophobia or phonophobia
-stiff neck muscles
migraine headache symptoms
-unilateral pulsing/throbbing pain
-nausea and vomiting
-may cause photophobia or phonophobia
-10% - 30% of patients have prodromal symptoms
migraine aura headache symptoms
-often starts before or at onset of migraine
-may last ~5-60 minutes
-tingling in extremities
-changes in vision/blind spots/flashes of light
-sensory changes
cluster headache symptoms
-unilateral/centered behind an eye
-severe, debilitating, constant pain
-nausea/vomiting
-photophobia and phonophobia
-runny nose, nasal congestion, and eyelid swelling
additional information on tension headaches
-caused by stress or anxiety
-gradual onset
-variable duration (hours to days)
-can be treated by analgesics, caffeine, and stress management
additional information on migraine headaches
-caused by neuronal or vascular changes
-sudden onset
-lasts 4-72 hours
-treatments include dark room, lying down, botulism toxin (Botox), triptans, and biologics
additional information on cluster headaches
-caused by hypoxia or histamine or serotonin release
-sudden onset
-lasts 15 minutes to 3 hours (can last for months)
-treated with oxygen
bacterial conjunctivitis symptoms
-ocular yellow/green discharge (often worse in the morning)
-may start in one eye and spread to the other
-red/pink eyes
-eye pain and blurred vision
viral conjunctivitis symptoms
-usually clear, watery discharge
-red/pink eyes
-may have other upper respiratory tract symptoms (i.e., runny nose, sore throat, cough)
-eye pain
allergic conjunctivitis symptoms
-eye itching or discomfort
-clear watery discharge
-pink/red eyes
-sneezing or runny nose
dry eye conjunctivitis symptom
sandy/gritty feeling or like something is stuck in the eye
irritant conjunctivitis symptom
foreign body in the eyes (i.e., chemicals, smoke, objects, chlorine, etc.)
blepharitis symptom
inflammation of the edge of the eyelid
otitis externa (swimmer’s ear) symptoms
-ear pain or swelling with or without purulent discharge
-fever
-hearing impairment
otitis media symptoms
-ear pain (children will tug at ear, be cranky, or feel bad)
-decreased hearing
-fever
otitis media with effusion symptoms
-fullness in ear and/or decreased hearing
-ear popping when yawning
-no pain or fever
cerumen impaction symptoms
-hearing impairment
-pain or ringing in ears
ototoxicity symptoms
-hearing loss
-ringing in ears
-dizziness
allergic rhinitis symptoms
-watery eyes
-clear runny nose
-post-nasal drip
-sneezing
-coughing
-itchy eyes, ears, and nose
viral sinusitis symptoms
-inflammation and/or infection of the sinuses
-headache
-facial pain or pressure
-fever
bacterial sinusitis symptoms
-inflammation and/or infection of the sinuses
-purulent nasal discharge
-headache
-facial pain or pressure
-fever
pharyngitis symptoms
-pain when swallowing
-sore or scratchy throat
-hoarse voice
-tonsillar swelling with or without pus
-bad breath
-fever
canker sores symptom
white, painful sores on the inner lining of the mouth
cold sores symptoms
-painful reddish blisters that may rupture and form crusty lesions on the soft tissues
-may flare when stressed
oral candidiasis (thrush) symptoms
-white patches/plaque on the tongue, inner cheek, or throat
-cotton-like feeling in mouth
-occasional pain on swallowing
gingivitis symptoms
-bad breath
-red/swollen gums that may bleed easily
when to refer for headaches
-uncontrolled hypertension
-trauma
-neck stiffness
-fever, weakness, or fatigue (signs and symptoms of infection)
-stroke
-confusion
-frequent occurrences (> 15 per month)
-sudden, frequent onset headaches in older population
-OTCs are ineffective
-having migraine/cluster headaches
when to refer for eye problems
-eye pain
-significant vision changes
-unable to remove foreign body
-photophobia
-trauma
-symptoms are worsening or not improving
-self-care options have been unsuccessful
-contact lens wearers
-exposure to chemicals
-severe eye redness
-bacterial conjunctivitis
when to refer for ear problems
-severe pain with or without visible swelling
-signs of infection
-foreign objects in ear
-trauma/bleeding
-ruptured tympanic membrane (eardrum)
-symptoms for more than 4 days
-children younger than 12
-immunocompromised at baseline
-cognitive impairment
when to refer for nose problems
-severe sinus pain or headache not relieved by OTC analgesics
-signs of bacterial infection (i.e., purulent discharge, initial improvement then worsening, more than 7 days of symptoms)
-changes in vision
when to refer for throat problems
-trouble swallowing or breathing
-high fever
-bacterial
-symptoms last for > 7 days (pharyngitis)
-immunocompromised patients
-oral candidiasis
-gingivitis
-lesions covering a large area or causing significant pain
-symptoms not relieved in 1-2 weeks
pharmacologic treatments for headaches
-ibuprofen
-acetaminophen
-aspirin + caffeine + acetaminophen (Excedrin)
pharmacologic treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
antibiotic eye drops (Rx only)
pharmacologic treatments for viral conjunctivitis
-eye lubricants
-ocular decongestants
-oral antihistamines
pharmacologic treatments for allergic conjunctivitis
-antihistamine/vasoconstrictor eyedrops
-mast cell stabilizers (i.e., cromolyn eyedrops)
pharmacologic treatment for dry eye conjunctivitis
artificial tears
pharmacologic treatment for blepharitis
artificial tears
pharmacologic treatments for otitis externa
-antibacterial and/or glucocorticoid ear drops
-antiseptic ear drops
-oral analgesics (i.e., acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
pharmacologic treatments for otitis media
-analgesics or antipyretics
-oral antibiotics if not resolved within 48 hours
pharmacologic treatments for otitis media with effusion
-analgesics
-pressure equalization tubes
pharmacologic treatments for water clogged ear
-ear drying agents (i.e., isopropyl alcohol)
-ear plugs when in water
pharmacologic treatment for cerumen impaction
cerumenolytic agents (i.e., mineral oil, carbamide peroxide (Debrox), acetic acid, saline, hydrogen peroxide)
pharmacologic treatments for ototoxicity
-aspirin
-loop diuretics (i.e., furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide)
-aminoglycosides (i.e., gentamycin, tobramycin, neomycin)
-chemotherapeutic agents (i.e., cisplatin and carboplatin)
-antimalarials (i.e., quinine and chloroquine)
pharmacologic treatments for allergic rhinitis
-nasal saline rinses
-intranasal steroid sprays (i.e., fluticasone and budesonide)
-oral antihistamines (i.e., cetirizine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, loratadine)
-intranasal antihistamines (i.e., azelastine)
-decongestants (i.e., pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, intranasal oxymetazoline)
-montelukast
pharmacologic treatments for sinusitis
-if lasts > 7 days, then antibiotics
-analgesics (ibuprofen or acetaminophen)
-oral or intranasal decongestants
pharmacologic treatments for pharyngitis
-benzocaine/phenol cough drops or spray
-oral analgesics
-antibiotics (if bacterial)
pharmacologic treatment for canker sores
topical benzocaine or viscous lidocaine (Rx)
pharmacologic treatments for cold sores
-docosanol (Abreva)
-oral antivirals (acyclovir and valacyclovir; Rx only)
pharmacologic treatment for oral candidiasis
antifungals (oral or topical)
pharmacologic treatment for gingivitis
antiseptic rinses
