Pavlov, 1927 Flashcards
what did Pavlov develop?
the concept that classical conditioning explains learning by association
what did Pavlov carry out his original research on?
dogs
how does Pavlov illustrate features of Learning Theory?
it studies behaviour as a response to external stimuli without taking into account coginitions
what is a stimulus?
something in our environment that affects us
what is a response?
our reaction to a stimulus
what are unconditioned responses? (UCR)
our natural tendency to react to a certain stimuli
give two examples of UCR’s:
- when we hear a loud, unexpected noise
- when we are tickled
what is the unconditioned stimui? (UCS)
the things that produce the UCR
what is the neutral stimulus? (NS)
a stimulus (that at first) elicits no response
what is learning by association/ conditioning?
the association between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus when they get paired
after conditioning, what does the neutral stimulus become? and why?
the conditioned stimulus (CS), as it produces the same reaction from us that the UCS used to produce; this is artificial, hence the ‘conditioned’ stimulus
what is the process of extinction?
when the CS gradually loses their their association with the original UCS, and so revert back to becoming an NS again
what is spontaneous recovery?
once an associaton is formed, it is never truly forgotten; even after extinction, a CR can reappear
what is stimulus generalisation?
when people who have learned by association carry on making associations, as once a CR is formed, there is a tendency for it to appear in response to other things other than the original CS
why is stimulus generalisation important?
because it enables us to apply what we have learned in similar contexts
