Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IFRE 2501 Block 4 > PAULS BOUTIQUE > Flashcards

PAULS BOUTIQUE Flashcards

1
Q

Minimum IFR Altitude can be:

++++++++++++++++++++++++

A
  • MEA - minimum enroute altitude
  • MOCA - minimum obstacle clearance
  • MSA - minimum sector altitude
  • MVA - minimum vectoring altitude
  • TAA - terminal arrival area
  • AMA - area minimum altitude
  • Safe altitude 100 N
  • Transition altitude
  • Missed approach altitude
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Minimum Altitudes
++++++++++++++++++++++
If a pilot requests it, you may approve an altitude that is below the MEA, but is at or above the MOCA, for any of the following reasons:

A
  • Flight safety
  • Flight check of a NAVAID
  • A MEDEVAC flight
  • GNSS navigation

GNSS provides adequate navigation accuracy along the entire route segment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TO BE MAINTAINING AN ALTITUDE

A

ITS ALTITUDE READOUT IS WITHIN 200 FEET OF ASSIGNED ALTITUDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TO HAVE REACHED AN ALTITUDE

A

ITS ALTITUDE READOUT HAS BEEN WITHIN 200 FEET OF ASSIGNED ALTITUDES FOR 4 CONSECUTIVE SWEEPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

TO HAVE VACATED AN ALTITUDE

A

THE ALTITUDE READOUT HAS CHANGED BY 300 FEET OR MORE, IN THE APPROPRIATE DIRECTION, FROM THE VALUE THAT PREVAILED WHILE THE AIRCRAFT WAS IN LEVEL FLIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TO HAVE PASSED AN ALTITUDE

A

THE ALTITUDE HAS CHANGED BY 300 FEET OR MORE IN THE APPROPRIATE DIRECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Doubtful or Lost
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
If identification becomes doubtful or is lost, immediately do either of the following:

A
  • Identify or re-identify the aircraft using the same technique more than once or use more than one of the techniques provided in Identification Methods.
  • Terminate ATS surveillance service and apply procedural separation.

When identification is lost, inform the pilot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Doubtful or Lost

++++++++++++++++++++++++

Identification may be be doubtful due to:

A
  • The position or movement of other aircraft
  • The observation of more than 1 aircraft responding to an identification procedure
  • Temporary loss of the PPS
  • Coasting of PPS
  • Merging of PPS
  • Ambiguous PPS
  • Display Clutter
  • Other Circumstances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Traffic Information (Excerpt)

++++++++++++++++++
Provide traffic information to all concerned aircraft if any of the following apply:

A
  • You clear an IFR aircraft to fly in accordance with VFR.
  • You clear an aircraft to maintain at least 1000 feet on top.
  • A pilot requests it.
  • Multiple aircraft are holding at the same fix and are separated by the vertical separation minimum.
  • A pilot acknowledges an avoidance instruction.
  • You consider it necessary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MATS ACC > Separation > Separation Basics > Control Estimates(Excerpt)
++++++++++++++
Use aircraft estimates to verify ATC estimates. If a discrepancy exists between an aircraft estimate and an ATC estimate for the same reporting point, and separation could be affected:

A
  1. Check the accuracy of the ATC estimate.
  2. If a discrepancy remains, request the pilot to check the aircraft estimate.
  3. If a discrepancy still exists, take appropriate action to ensure that separation is not compromised.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Clearances and Instructions > IFR Clearance Format

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Issue clearance items, as appropriate, in the following order:

A
  1. Prefix/aircraft ID
  2. Clearance limit
  3. SID
  4. Route
  5. Altitude
  6. Speed
  7. Departure, enroute, approach, or holding instructions
  8. Special instructions or information, may include an SSR code
  9. Traffic information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MATS ACC > ATS surveillance > Vectoring > Vectoring into Class G Airspace

You may vector an aircraft into Class G airspace if…

A

… you inform the pilot and obtain the pilot’s approval.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Holding > Holding Clearances

When issuing a holding clearance, issue an…

A
  • expect-approach-clearance time,
  • an expect-further-clearance time,
  • the time to depart the fix, and revise it as necessary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Clearances and Instructions > IFR Clearance Format > Clearance Limit

5 minutes or more before an aircraft reaches its clearance limit, issue one of the following:

A
  • Further clearance
  • Approach clearance
  • Holding clearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

IAWP –
IWP –
FAWP -
MAWP -
MAHWP -

A

initial approach waypoint
intermediate approach waypoint
final approach waypoint
missed approach waypoint
missed approach holding waypoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Clearances and Instructions > Issuing and Relaying > Delivery Limitations

The communication agency, such as the FSS, FIC, CARS, dispatcher (in emergencies), or others to which a clearance is issued is responsible for transmitting the clearance to the aircraft immediately upon receipt, unless an attempt-delivery time has been specified.

If a communication agency informs you that a clearance has not been delivered, instruct the agency to do one of the following depending on your situation:

A
  • Continue attempting to deliver, and report if undelivered by a specified time.
  • Attempt to deliver at a specified time.
  • Cancel the clearance.

You will be notified if the clearance is not delivered within 3 minutes after receipt, or the specified attempt‑delivery time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary
SVFR (special VFR flight)

A

A visual flight authorized by an ATC unit to operate within a control zone under meteorological conditions that are below visual meteorological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In an ATS environment, you may omit the name of the airport from an approach clearance provided:

+++++++++++++++++

A
  • The aircraft is identified and monitored until established on final approach.
  • There is no likelihood of misunderstanding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CLASS G DIMENSIONS

A

0 AGL - 2200 AGL

0 AGL - 12500 AGL (CROSSHATCHED)

NORTH BORDER: 0 AGL-FL180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MATS ACC > Flight Information > Weather Information > Altimeter Setting Information

Issue the altimeter setting as follows:

  • If the setting is …… state the setting twice.
A

28.99 or lower, or 31.00 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDE

A

The lowest IFR altitude established for use in a specific airspace.

Depending on the airspace concerned, the minimum IFR altitude may be a minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA), a minimum enroute altitude (MEA), a minimum sector altitude (MSA), a minimum vectoring altitude (MVA), a safe altitude 100 NM, a terminal arrival area (TAA), an area minimum altitude (AMA), a transition altitude, or a missed approach altitude. The minimum IFR altitude provides obstacle clearance, but may or may not be within controlled airspace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

MINIMUM OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (MOCA)

A

The altitude above sea level between specified fixes on airways or air routes that meets the IFR obstacle clearance requirements for the route segment in question.

This altitude is published on aeronautical charts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

MINIMUM ENROUTE ALTITUDE (MEA)

A

The altitude above sea level between specified fixes on airways or air routes that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and that meets the IFR obstacle clearance requirements.

This altitude is published on aeronautical charts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE (MSA)

A

The lowest altitude that will provide a minimum clearance of 1000 ft under conditions of standard temperature and pressure above all objects located in an area contained within a sector of a circle with a 25 NM radius centred on a radio aid to navigation or a specified point.

US: minimum safe altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
MATS ACC > Glossary MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE (MVA)
The lowest altitude for vectoring aircraft by ATC that meets obstacle clearance and radio coverage requirements in the airspace specified. TERMINAL CONTROLLER
26
MATS ACC > Glossary WIND SHEAR (WS)
A change in wind speed and/or wind direction in a short distance. It can exist in a horizontal or vertical direction and occasionally in both.
27
MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Lowest Usable Flight Level Do not assign any flight level lower than the lowest usable flight level indicated in the following table.
29.92 + FL180 29.91-28.92 - FL190 28.91-27.92 FL 200 27.91 - FL 210
28
MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Lowest Usable Flight Level If a change in altimeter setting requires an increase or permits a decrease in the lowest usable flight level...
coordinate with adjacent sectors or units as required.
28
SPEED ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES ************************* 20 MILES OR MORE
10 000FT ASL + 250 IAS 10 000FT ASL - 210 IAS
29
SPEED ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES ************************ LESS THAN 20 MILES
TURBOJET 150 IAS - USE ONLY WHEN REQUIRED OF SPACING ON FINAL APPROACH 160 IAS - PREFERRED WHEN ASSIGNING A SPEED TO CROSS THE FINAL FIX PROPELLER 120 IAS
30
MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Speed Assignments > Airspeed Limitations *********************
Do not approve a speed over 250 knots IAS below 10000 feet above sea level, but acknowledge a pilot who informs you of a requirement to operate above the CARs-regulated speed limitations for minimum safe speed requirements. If a pilot reports or operates at a speed over 250 knots below 10000 feet above sea level and does not state that it is for minimum safe speed, inform the operations duty manager.
31
TC AIM RAC 2.5.2 Aircraft Speed Limit Order ********************* According to CAR 602.32, no person shall operate an aircraft in Canada;
(a) below 10 000 ft ASL at more than 250 KIAS; or (b) below 3 000 ft AGL within 10 NM of a controlled airport and at more than 200 KIAS, unless authorized to do so in an air traffic control clearance.
32
CARs 602.32 > Airspeed Limitations Subject to subsection (2), no person shall operate an aircraft at an indicated airspeed of more than _____if the aircraft is below ______; or
250 knots 10,000 feet ASL
33
CARs 602.32 > Airspeed Limitations Subject to subsection (2), no person shall operate an aircraft at an indicated airspeed of more than _____ if the aircraft is ________ within _______ of a controlled aerodrome unless authorized to do so in an air traffic control clearance
200 knots below 3,000 feet AGL 10 nautical miles
34
MATS ACC > Glossary WAKE TURBULENCE - Turbulent air behind an aircraft caused by any of the following:
* Wing-tip vortices * Rotor-tip vortices * Jet-engine thrust stream or jet blast * Rotor downwash * Prop wash
35
FOR WAKE TURBULENCE SEPERATION AND CAUTIONAIRIES ... A Boeing 757 is a ___________ when it is the leading aircraft
HEAVY
36
MATS ACC > Separation > Separation Basics > Control Estimates(Excerpt) Base control decisions on ATC estimates and aircraft performance. Verify the estimate and aircraft performance using
- position reports over fixes - as determined by radio aids, - ATS surveillance, - RNAV - visual means that accurately define the position of the aircraft.
37
MATS ACC > Separation > Separation Basics > Control Estimates(Excerpt) ++++++++++++++ Use aircraft estimates to verify ATC estimates. If a discrepancy exists between an aircraft estimate and an ATC estimate for the same reporting point, and separation could be affected:
1. Check the accuracy of the ATC estimate. 2. If a discrepancy remains, request the pilot to check the aircraft estimate. 3. If a discrepancy still exists, take appropriate action to ensure that separation is not compromised.
38
MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Communication Transfer > Mandatory Frequency Area When an aircraft is approaching an MF area...
... instruct the pilot to change to the MF before reaching the area. If the pilot needs to leave your frequency to make required Mandatory Frequency Area Reports, advise the pilot to report leaving and returning to ATC frequency.
39
Terminav RSC/CRFI NOTAM
A NOTAM disseminated to alert pilots to natural winter surface contaminants such as snow, slush, and ice conditions that could affect aircraft braking and other operational performance. Such NOTAMs are considered special series NOTAMs that, because of their short life and significant volume during the winter season, require non-standard handling. COMMENT: Note 1: This term is derived from the words "Runway Surface Condition/Canadian Runway Friction Index NOTAM." Note 2: This NOTAM may also be issued by a military ATC unit as an RSC/JBI NOTAM.
40
Terminav Runway surface condition report (RSC report)
Section of the Aircraft Movement Surface Condition Report (AMSCR) which provides runway surface information using a verbal description of the runway condition.
41
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Aerodrome Information > RSC and CRFI Issue the current RSC and CRFI report for the intended runway using... .
... a four-digit time expression format
42
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Aerodrome Information > RSC and CRFI It is not required to relay CRFI information to the pilot when:
* CRFI by full runway length is reported as NR. * All thirds of CRFI by thirds are reported as NR.
43
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Aerodrome Information > RSC and CRFI It is not required to relay CRFI information to the pilot when:
* CRFI by full runway length is reported as NR. * All thirds of CRFI by thirds are reported as NR.
44
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Aerodrome Information > RSC and CRFI It is not required to relay RSC information to the pilot when ....
... the runway is cleared to the full width and it is 100% dry.
45
RSC and CRFI reports are valid for...
... 8 or 24 hours depending on the reporting method and classification of aerodrome
46
Because of mechanical and operational limitations, runway friction readings produced by decelerometer devices may result in inaccurate readings under certain surface conditions. As a result, runway friction readings will not be taken and a CRFI will not be provided to ATS or pilots when any of the following conditions are present:
* The runway surface is simply wet with no other type of contamination present; * There is a layer of slush on the runway surface with no other type of contamination present; or * There is loose snow on the runway surface exceeding 2.5 cm (1 inch) in depth.
47
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Aerodrome Information > RSC and CRFI > Contaminated Runway A runway is contaminated when a significant portion of the runway surface area (whether in isolated areas or not) within the length and width being used is covered by one or more of the following substances:
* Wet snow * Dry snow * Compacted snow * Wet ice * Ice * Slush * Frost * Standing water
48
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Aerodrome Information > RSC and CRFI > Braking Action If you are relaying a braking action report obtained from the pilot of an aircraft...
... indicate the type of aircraft and the time of the report.
49
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Weather Information > Altimeter Setting Information Issue the altimeter setting as follows: * If the setting is higher than 31.00, issue the actual altimeter setting and ...
... confirm that the pilot has set the aircraft altimeter to 31.00.
50
MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Altitude Readouts > Altitude Readout Limitations Use altitude readouts of aircraft under the jurisdiction of another controller to determine aircraft altitudes only if either of the following applies
* The other controller has confirmed the aircraft’s altitude. * On handoff, the transferring controller does not inform you that an aircraft’s altitude readout is invalid or not validated. Do not use altitude readouts when the site altimeter setting for the geographic region concerned is below 26.00 or above 33.00.
51
MATS ACC > Separation > Separation Basics > Control Estimates(Excerpt) ++++++++++++++ Use aircraft estimates to verify ATC estimates. If a discrepancy exists between an aircraft estimate and an ATC estimate for the same reporting point, and separation could be affected:
1. Check the accuracy of the ATC estimate. 2. If a discrepancy remains, request the pilot to check the aircraft estimate. 3. If a discrepancy still exists, take appropriate action to ensure that separation is not compromised.
52
MATS ACC > Flight Plans and Itineraries > Closing Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries > IFR Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary When the pilot of an IFR aircraft closes the IFR flight plan:
* If VFR flight is not permitted due to airspace classification or weather conditions: ◦ Inform the pilot. ◦ If appropriate, pass the most recent weather sequence. ◦ Ask the pilot’s intentions. * Acknowledge the closure and inform the pilot that alerting service is terminated. * Inform the appropriate ACC or the agency responsible for alerting service at the destination.
53
MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Clearances and Instructions > Cancelling IFR If the pilot of an IFR or CVFR aircraft cancels IFR:
* If VFR flight is not permitted due to airspace classification or weather conditions: ◦ Inform the pilot. ◦ If appropriate, pass the most recent weather sequence. ◦ Ask intentions. * Acknowledge the cancellation. - A pilot’s decision to cancel an IFR flight plan or itinerary, or change to a VFR flight plan or itinerary, is not subject to ATC approval * Ask whether the pilot is closing the IFR flight plan or itinerary, and respond as indicated below.
54
MATS TWR > Marginal Visibility > Below VFR Minima > Authorizing a Pilot’s Request for SVFR Authorize SVFR within the control zone, provided:
* The pilot requests SVFR. * The ground visibility is at or above the minimum for SVFR. You may use the tower observation of prevailing visibility where ground visibility is either not reported or the visibility reported by the AWOS is non-representative of the prevailing visibility at the airport. * You obtain approval from the appropriate ACC. * You make an adequate arrangement for recall. * You keep SVFR aircraft clear of the flight paths of IFR aircraft. * You authorize only the number of aircraft that you can control safely and efficiently. If all aircraft remain in sight of the tower at all times, you may authorize more than one SVFR aircraft in a circuit. * If the pilot intends to depart or transit the zone at night, the SVFR aircraft is a helicopter.
55
MATS ACC > Marginal Visibility > Below VFR Minima > Authorizing SVFR without an Airport Controller Authorize a pilot’s request for SVFR provided all of the following conditions are met:
* The reported ground visibility meets or exceeds SVFR minima. * Current or anticipated IFR traffic permits the operation. * At night, unless the aircraft is a helicopter, the pilot intends to land in the control zone. In a control zone with no airport controller on duty, do one of the following: * Authorize one or more pilots for SVFR. * Authorize SVFR for a specified period. * Refuse authorization and inform the FIC, FSS, MFAU, or the pilot of the reason
56
MATS TWR > ATS surveillance > Vectoring > Vectoring VFR Aircraft CAN YOU ASSIGN AN ALTITUDE OR VECTORS TO A SVFR AIRCRAFT?
NO
57
MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Arrivals > STAR Allow the aircraft to...
... conduct its own navigation to the extent possible.
58
MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Arrivals > STAR Consider an aircraft to have been cleared for the STAR if ...
... the STAR is included in the routing portion of the flight plan.
59
Does the STAR provide descent clearance.
NO ATC has to issue descent clearance
60
MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > SSRs and Aircraft Codes > Transponders (Excerpt) If the PPS or data tag for a particular aircraft is not displayed as expected:
* Instruct the pilot to reset the transponder, stating the currently assigned code. * If resetting the transponder does not resolve the problem, assign a different code.
61
MATS ACC > Flight Information > Weather Information > Altimeter Setting Information > Altimeter Setting Region If an enroute aircraft operating within the Altimeter Setting Region makes a position report via direct communication, issue the current altimeter setting for:
* The station over which the aircraft reports * The next station along the route of flight
62
DUSTY?
6.8
63
MATS ACC > Separation > Separation Basics > Control Estimates(Excerpt) ++++++++++++++ Use aircraft estimates to verify ATC estimates. If a discrepancy exists between an aircraft estimate and an ATC estimate for the same reporting point, and separation could be affected:
1. Check the accuracy of the ATC estimate. 2. If a discrepancy remains, request the pilot to check the aircraft estimate. 3. If a discrepancy still exists, take appropriate action to ensure that separation is not compromised.
64
TRANSPONDERS CAN'T USE WHICH NUMBERS?
8/9
65
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT
E - 0-179 W- 180-359
66
SVFR AT NIGHT?
ONLY A HELICOPTER
67
CARs 602.114 > Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace No person shall operate an aircraft in VFR flight within controlled airspace unless:
(a) the aircraft is operated with visual reference to the surface; (b) flight visibility is not less than three miles; (c) the distance of the aircraft from cloud is not less than 500 feet vertically and one mile horizontally (d) where the aircraft is operated within a control zone, (i) when reported, ground visibility is not less than three miles, and (ii) except when taking off or landing, the distance of the aircraft from the surface is not less than 500 feet
68
VFR IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
VISIBILITY 3 MILES 500 FT FROM CLOUD VERTICAL 1 MILES FROM CLOUD HORIZONTALLY
69
VFR IN CONTROL ZONE
VISIBILITY 3 MILES (GROUND VISIBLITY) 500 FT FROM CLOUD VERTICAL 1 MILE FROM CLOUD HORIZONTAL 500 FT OFF OF THE GROUND
70
VFR IN UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE 1000 FT+ AGL
VISIBILITY 1 MILE (3 MILES AT NIGHT) 500 FT FROM CLOUD VERTICAL 2000 FT FROM CLOUD HORIZONTAL
71
VFR IN UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE LESS THAN 1000FT AGL (NOT HELICOPTERS)
VISIBLITY 2 MILES (3 MILES AT NIGHT) CLEAR OF CLOUD
72
VFR IN UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE -1000 FT HELICOPTERS
VISIBILITY 1 MILE (3 MILES AT NIGHT) CLEAR OF CLOUD
73
SVFR MINIMA IN CONTROL ZONE
1 MILE FIXED WING 1/2 MILE HELICOPTER CLEAR OF CLOUDS
74
TYPES OF ICING? MOST DANGEROUS
HOAR FROST RIME CLEAR MIXED CLEAR
75
WAKE TURBULENCE CHART
--S H M L S 4 6 7 8 H 4 4 5 6 M - - - 4 L
76
PILOTS MUST ON INITIAL CONTACT
FULL CALLSIGN (ESTIMATE)?
77
TC AIM RAC 9.2.3.5 > Altitude Restrictions Altitude restrictions may be included in the STAR. Although an aircraft is expected to follow the charted lateral track of the cleared STAR without further ATC clearance, as per the flight-planned/cleared route, such is not the case with the STAR vertical profile...
ATC has to issue descent clearance,
78
TC AIM RAC 9.2.3.6 > Speed Restrictions Pilots must follow charted speed restrictions on a STAR. An ATC assigned speed restriction...
... supersedes any STAR-charted speed restrictions and must be followed until CAR 602.32 prohibits the pilot from flying at that speed.
79
When issuing traffic information to aircraft, as appropriate, include:
Position of aircraft Direction of flight Type of aircraft or relative speed Altitude of aircraft Reporting point and time Other information

IFRE 2501 Block 4 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions