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Infection and immunity 2 > Paul- zoonotic diseases > Flashcards

Paul- zoonotic diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zoonotic infection?

A

infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic. (WHO)

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2
Q

How do zoonotic diseases spread from animals to people?

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • vectorborne
  • foodborne
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3
Q

Both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals can be infected. True or false?

A

True

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4
Q

Who is at higher risk of serious zoonotic infection?

A
  • children <5
  • pregnant women
  • adults >65
  • immunocompromised individuals
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5
Q

List examples of zoonotic diseases.

A
  • Anthrax (livestock)
  • Avian Flu (poultry)
  • Campylobacter (poultry)
  • Leptospirosis (rodents)
  • Lyme disease (ticks)
  • Bovine TB (cattle, goats, sheep)
  • Q fever (cattle, goats, sheep)
  • Toxoplasmosis (cats)
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6
Q

What animals does Anthrax mostly effect?

A

livestock (sheep, cattle, goats - any hoofed animals)

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7
Q

What bacteria is Anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis
It is an aerobic spore bearer

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Anthrax?

A

Capsule- poly-D-glutamic acid
Anthrax toxin

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9
Q

What are the clinical features of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous anthrax: most common, spores enter skin
Inhalation anthrax: most serious, begins with fever, malaise, chest pain -> shock and death
Gastrointestinal anthrax: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, mouth sores, blood vomitting
Anthrax meningitis: Haemorrhagic meningo-encephalitis – 95%mortality

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10
Q

Can humans contract all these types of anthrax from animals?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the diagnosis for anthrax?

A

Pus, fluids, CSF, blood, sputum
Microscope, culture, PCR

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12
Q

What is the treatment for anthrax?

A

Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Penicillin, Linezolid, Clindamycin
Monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

How to prevent anthrax?

A

Vaccination (BioThrax)
- Pre and Post-exposure

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14
Q

What organisms cause campylobacter?

A

C. jejuni, C.coli, C. lari, C.fetus

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of food poisoning in the UK?

A

Campylobacter
- causes over 280,000 cases of food poisoning each year

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16
Q

When do campylobacter infections occur?

A

It is found on raw chicken and infection occurs if chicken is not handled or cooked properly

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17
Q

Symptoms of campylobacter

A
  • nausea
  • Diarrhoea and vomiting
  • stomach pains
  • fever
    Symptoms occur within 2-5 days of eating contaminated food or being in contact with a contaminated animal
    and clear within 2-3 days to a week.
18
Q

What are severe complications of campylobacter?

A

Complications - Guillan-Barré Syndrome (GBS), Reactive Arthritis

19
Q

Describe the structure of Campylobacter.

A

Spiral shaped – Seagull appearance
Microaerophilic, 42 C
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA)
Oxidase positive

20
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment for Campylobacter?

A

Diagnosis: Faeces culture
Treatment – Rehydration, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Cotrimoxazole

21
Q

What organisms cause Leptospirosis?

A

Spirochetes
- L. interrogans (>200 serotypes), L. biflexa
- L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (Type strain – Leptospirosis)

22
Q

What animal is the resevoir for Leptospirosis??

A

Rodents

23
Q

How do people become infected with Leptospirosis?

A

People who come in contact with infected animal urine

24
Q

Clinical features of leptospirosis?

A

Biphasic –
First phase: septicaemic – Flu like symptoms, cough, headache
Second phase: Immune – Anicteric (Aseptic meningitis) Icteric (Weil’s disease - Jaundice and Renal failure)

25
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis?

A

Diagnosis: Blood, CSF, Urine – Dark Field microscopy , Culture, Serology (Microagglutination test), PCR, ELISA

Treatment: Doxycycline, Penicillin G, Ceftrixone

26
Q

What causes Lyme disease?

A

human acquire through tick bites
(Borrellia burgdorferi)

27
Q

Clinical features of Lyme disease?

A

Early localised (1week) – Expanding annular skin lesion - Erythema chronicum migrans (EM)

Early Disseminated(Weeks/Months) – Malaise, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, meningitis

Late Persistent(within the first year) – Arthritis, Meningitis, Carditis

28
Q

How is Lyme disease treated?

A

It is easily treated if detected early on but can be severe if treatment is delayed
Treatment: Doxycycline, Amoxycillin, Cefuroxime

29
Q

What are the tests for Lyme disease?

A

First test:
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Immunoflourescence Assay (IFA)
Second test:
IgM and IgG Western Blot
or IgG Western Blot ONLY

30
Q

What organism causes Q fever?

A

Coxiella burneti

31
Q

How is Q fever acquired?

A
  • through occupational exposure to cattle or sheep
  • through unpasteurised milk
  • ticks are reservoirs
  • Ungulates (cattle) are usually asymptomatic
32
Q

What are the clinical features of Q fever?

A

Inhalation, Proliferates in lungs- Hematogenous spread
Acute Q fever – Fever, granulomatous hepatitis, pneumonia.
Chronic Q fever (>6 months) – Endocarditis

33
Q

Who are at risk of Q fever?

A

Pregnant and immunocompromised individuals

34
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Q fever.

A

Diagnosis: Serology-Immunofluosrescence, PCR

Treatment: Usually self limiting BUT
Chronic q fever – Doxycycline or chloramphenicol
Endocarditis – Tetracycline with Rifampicin

35
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii – coccidian parasite – Humans intermediate host

36
Q

How many individuals are affected by toxoplasmosis?

A
  • There are 350 cases reported annually in the UK, but the actual number could be as high as 350,000.
  • It is estimated that up to 1/3 or people will be infected during their life, but most people wont notice
37
Q

Toxoplasmosis information

A

Although rare, congenital toxoplasmosis and in HIV infected individuals, it’s a common entity

38
Q

How is toxoplasmosis contracted?

A

-The parasite is found in the faeces of infected cats
-It can also be found in infected meats and so can be ingested; these include lamb and pork
-Toxoplasmosis cannot be passed from person to person
-It can be transmitted form infected organs during transplant

39
Q

Clinical features of toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Immunocompetent- Mostly asymptomatic, lymphadenopathy
  • Immunocompromised – CNS (focal neurological symptoms), Myocardial and Pulmonary (Pneumonitis) involvement
  • Congenital- Ocular (Chorioretinits), Hydrocephlus, jaundice, pneumonitis
40
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis?

A

Diagnosis: Serology (ELISA, Immunofluorescence), PCR, Histology (Tachyzoites in Tissues - fluorescence)
Treatment: Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine or clindamycin.

41
Q

Summary of zoonotic diseases

A
  • Many pathogens can be passed from animals to humans
  • Often these pathogens are reservoirs in the animals but cause infection the human host

Infection and immunity 2 (2 decks)

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