Paul De Bank

Question 1

What’s the minor function of the nasal cavity

Answer 1

Smell

Question 2

What type of epithelium is the nasal epithelium?

Answer 2

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Large SA due to microvilli

Question 3

Name two enzymes in nasal mucus that can degrade drugs

Answer 3

Neutral endopeptidase

Carboxypeptidase N

Question 4

How can mucous in the nasal cavity bind to drugs?

Answer 4

Via electrostatic or hydrogen bonding

Question 5

What’s so special about the olfactory region?

Answer 5

Has no BBB

Question 6

What’s the main function of the nasal cavity

Answer 6

Air conditioning

Question 7

Name 3 ways you can improve nasal delivery

Answer 7

Alter the mucous layer
Increase contact time With nasal epithelium
Penetration enhancers

Question 8

Name three forms of penetration enhancing in nasal delivery

Answer 8

Reversed Micelles formation
Lipid extraction
Tight junction modification

Question 9

What does TJM stand for and what is it

Answer 9

Tight junction modulating- 18 amino acid peptide used as a penetration enhancer in the nasal cavity

Question 10

What type of epithelium is the alveoli?

Answer 10

Simple squamous

Question 11

What does AM in the lungs stand for

Answer 11

Alveolar macrophages

Question 12

What do type 2 cells in the alveoli do?

Answer 12

Secrete and repair

Question 13

Name three mechanisms by which particles deposit in the lungs

Answer 13

Inertial impaction
Sedimentation
Brownian diffusion

Question 14

Name 6 physiological factors that affect particle deposition

Answer 14

Nose Vs mouth
Inspiratory flow rate
Coordination of dose with breathing 
Tidal volume 
Holding breath 
Disease

Question 15

What type of epithelium is in the oral mucosa

Answer 15

Stratified squamous

Question 16

Name four enzymes found in saliva/mucus

Answer 16

Esterase
Carbohydrase
Lipase
Phosphatase

Question 17

What’s the role of the intercellular channels in the vaginal mucosa

Answer 17

Movement of fluids between cells, allows immune system cells through

Question 18

In the follicular phase what are the cells like?

Answer 18

Thick
Tight
Cohesive

Question 19

In the luteal phase what are the cells likes

Answer 19

Thin
Loose
Porous

Question 20

In pregnancy are the vagunal mucosal cells thicker and more vascularised?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Name three types of vaginal ring for sustained release

Answer 21

Reservoir
Matrix
Pod

Question 22

Give four reasons why we need controlled drug delivery systems

Answer 22

1) reduce fluctuations in plasma concentrations
2) reduce dosing frequency
3) control delivery site
4) timed release

Question 23

Name 4 types of controlled drug delivery systems

Answer 23

Delayed release
Prolonged release
Controlled release
Repeated (pulsatile) action

Question 24

Give an example of what’s used in a swelling- controlled device

Answer 24

Hydroxymethylcellulose (HPMC) aka hypromellose

Question 25

What can cause protein misfolding

Answer 25

Environmental stress
Mutations
Translational errors

Question 26

Name 7 chemical changes that can occur to proteins

Answer 26

Deamidation
Peptide bond hydrolysis 
Elimination 
Disulphide bond reshuffling 
Oxidation 
Cross linking
Thiol-disulphide exchange

Question 27

Name two common moieties involved in oxidation of proteins

Answer 27

Cysteine and methionine

Question 28

Name two common moieties involved in deamidation of proteins

Answer 28

Asparagine

Glutamine

Question 29

Name the moieties in proteins that are most likely to be hydrolysed

Answer 29

Aspartic acid residues cos they’re least stable

Question 30

At what pH do thiol-catalysed disulphide exchange mechanism dominate in protein misfolding?

Answer 30

Higher pH’s

Question 31

At what temp are 50% of protein molecules unfolded (Tm)

Answer 31

40-80 degrees C

Question 32

What’s a polysorbate

Answer 32

Amphipilic emulsifiers often used in protein formulation

Question 33

List three ways in which polysorbates stabilise proteins

Answer 33

Exclusion of solutes
Chemical chaperone helping protein folding
Binding to hydrophobic patches f proteins

Question 34

When modifying proteins why do you want site specific PEGylation

Answer 34

So that functional parts of the protein aren’t blocked

Question 35

Give an example of a drug that uses a reservoir diffusion mechanism of controlled drug release

Answer 35

Surelease ethylcellulose tamsulosin HCl