Patterns & Trends - 4 tingz Flashcards
Why are men committing crimes
Heidensohn control theory
(Explaining gender differences in patterns & trends)
Gender
girls are controlled by fathers and male siblings
control, by family members and social expectations, continues for women in adulthood
While working men would socialise with their fellow workers at pubs or sport, working women would return home to carry out homework and childcare
Women are oppressed therefore men have the freedom to Commit Crimes
McRobbie
Gender
Difference in socialisation
girlies be inside
boys be outside (because they’re Committing Crime)
Women as victims are underrepresented
Gender
Women as victims are underrepresented in the official crime statistics
For example, domestic violence is significantly under represented crimes in official statistics despite being a huge problem
Rape trial victims often feel they are on trial and many women do not come forward leading to women as victims being under-represented
Walklate
Dark figure of female crime
Gender
The ‘dark figure’ of female crime and the growing awareness of domestic violence against males
Graham and Bowling
Cohen Status Frustration
Gender & Class
Males commit more crime; pressure to be the breadwinner, provider and protector, pressure to prove masculinity, hegemonic masculinity, hypermasculinity, status, crisis of masculinity
Merton Strain Theory
Gender & Class
- Individuals unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means
- Turn to deviant behaviors as a way of achieving those goals
5 responses to strain
- conformity
- innovation
- ritualism
- retreatism
- rebellion
Merton Strain Theory
What are the 5 things
Gender & Class
Conformity is when individuals accept the goals of society and the means of achieving them
Innovation is when individuals accept the goals of society but not the means of achieving them, and instead turn to illegal or illegitimate means to achieve their goals
Ritualism is when individuals reject the goals of society but continue to follow the prescribed means of achieving them
Retreatism is when individuals reject both the goals and the means of achieving them, and instead turn to a life of withdrawal or escape
Rebellion is when individuals reject both the goals and the means of achieving them and work to transform the existing social structure
Class
Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Hirschi Control Theory
Right Realist theory
Age
People get older, less likely to commit crime
acquired controls,about crime impact
Committing crime is rational decision
criminals weigh up costs & benefits of crime
Person gets older, greater costs for committing crime e.g. lose their job, lose their reputation
Older people have stronger familial bonds
deterrent to committing crime
they know relationships could suffer
Younger people less likely to have strong bonds
they might try to gain independence from parents and might loosen the bonds they have; might not have formed a romantic relationship yet
Young people therefore have LESS CONTROLS and SOCIAL BONDS in their life and and are MORE LIKELY to commit crime
Farrington & West
Findings of the longitudinal study align with Right Realist explanations
Age
- The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (Farington and West 1991)
- Looked at 411 ‘working class’ males born in 1953 who were studied until their late 30s
- Found offenders more likely to come from poorer, single parent families with poor parenting and parents who were themselves offenders
- This study suggests that good primary socialisation is essential in preventing crime.
Age
