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Biology Definitions A2 > Patterns Of Inheritance > Flashcards

Patterns Of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Variation

A

The differences between different organisms

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2
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

The differences between individuals of the same species

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3
Q

Interspecific variation

A

The differences between individuals that belong to different species

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and or environmental conditions

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5
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles that a specific individual has

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6
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

When the different characteristics of individuals fall into clear cut, separate categories. There are no intermediates between these categories

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7
Q

Continuous variation

A

When the different characteristics of organisms take numerical values that can lie anywhere along a scale. Any intermediate value is possible

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8
Q

Genetics

A

The study of genes and the patterns of inheritance of these genes

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9
Q

Genetic cross

A

Breeding between a male and a female where the focus is on predicting and observing the different phenotypes and the proportions of these in the offspring

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10
Q

Mono hybrid/ monogenic inheritance

A

Where we study the inheritance of a single gene only over one or more generations

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11
Q

Dihybrid inheritance

A

Where we study the inheritance of two genes together over one or more generations

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12
Q

F1 generation

A

The first generation of offspring when two parents breed

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13
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring of the F1 generation, produced when these breed with each other - the grandchildren of the original breeding pair

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14
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA nucleotides/based that codes for a polypeptide/protein

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15
Q

Allele

A

A specific version or variant of a gene. Alleles of the same gene are always found at the same locus on a particular chromosome

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16
Q

Multiple alleles

A

When a particular gene occurs as more than two different versions in the populations gene pool. An individual can however only have two copies of each gene (assuming diploid)

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

A genotype in which both alleles of a gene are identical in that individual
= pure breeding
= true breeding

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

A genotype in which the two alleles of a gene are different in that individual

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19
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed even in a heterozygous individual

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20
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene/allele on its chromosome

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21
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele

22
Q

Co-dominant

A

Two different alleles that equally contribute to the phenotype in a heterozygous individual

23
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Two or more different genes are found on the same chromosome and hence particular combinations of their alleles tend to be inherited together

24
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome apart for X or Y

25
Sex linkage
A particular gene is found only on the X chromosome and does not occur on the Y chromosome
26
Epistasis
One gene is able to mask/suppress/ block the expression of a second gene found at a different locus. Having particular alleles present at ge first gene locus prevents expression of the alleles at the second gene locus
27
Genetic disorder
A developmental/ Health problem or disease that is wholly caused by inheriting specific faulty alleles of a gene. Can be recessive or dominant
28
Evolution
A change in allele frequencies in a population over time
29
Stabilising selection
A form of natural selection that occurs when the environmental conditions remain stable over many generations
30
Directional selection
A form of natural selection that occurs when the environmental conditions are changing over time or have recently changed
31
Sexual selection
Some characteristics are selected for in a population not because they directly increase the chance of survival but because they are attractive and desirable characteristics in a mate.
32
Artificial selection and selective breeding
Humans can direct the evolution of a plant/animal species that we use for food/pets by choosing certain individuals from a population and then only allowing these individuals to breed
33
Genetic drift
A random change to allele frequencies particularly significant in small, isolated, inbred populations
34
Genetic bottleneck
When a major catastrophe wipes out most of a population, leaving a small number of individuals whose genetic diversity is inevitably much lower than the original population
35
The founder effect
When a small number of individuals become separated from the main population and go on to breed with each other and establish a new population elsewhere. These founder individuals only contain a small unrepresentative selection of alleles from the main population
36
Gene flow
The transfer of alleles from one population to another due to immigration followed by interbreeding between the new individuals and members of the existing population
37
Species
A group of organisms with similar characteristics, capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
38
Speciation
The generation of two or more new species from a common ancestor through evolution
39
Isolating mechanism
A feature that can prevent two population groups from interbreeding
40
Divergence
Increasing genetic and phenotypic differences over many generations
41
Adaptive radiation
Each population group may adapt to exploit a different food source
42
Ecological niches
The specific role of an organism/species in its ecosystem
43
Allopatric speciation
The evolution of new species from an ancestor population where the subgroups become isolated and are prevented from interbreeding due to a physical barrier in the landscape that ships them meeting. A geographical isolating mechanism
44
Sympatric speciation
The generation of new species from an ancestor population even though the sub populations still occupy the same geographical area
45
Ecological isolation.
When the two populations have different habitat preferences and only tend to breed with those that have the same habitat preferences
46
Seasonal isolation
When the two population groups are fertile and inclined to breed at different times of the year
47
Temporal isolation
When the two population groups are fertile and inclined to breed at different times of the day
48
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
Those that occur before fertilisation
49
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Those that occur after fertilisation
50
Haemophilia A
A blood clotting disorder | Example of recessive sex linked disorder

Biology Definitions A2 (1 decks)

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