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Biology Definitions A2 > Patterns Of Inheritance > Flashcards

Patterns Of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Variation

A

The differences between different organisms

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2
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

The differences between individuals of the same species

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3
Q

Interspecific variation

A

The differences between individuals that belong to different species

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and or environmental conditions

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5
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles that a specific individual has

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6
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

When the different characteristics of individuals fall into clear cut, separate categories. There are no intermediates between these categories

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7
Q

Continuous variation

A

When the different characteristics of organisms take numerical values that can lie anywhere along a scale. Any intermediate value is possible

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8
Q

Genetics

A

The study of genes and the patterns of inheritance of these genes

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9
Q

Genetic cross

A

Breeding between a male and a female where the focus is on predicting and observing the different phenotypes and the proportions of these in the offspring

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10
Q

Mono hybrid/ monogenic inheritance

A

Where we study the inheritance of a single gene only over one or more generations

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11
Q

Dihybrid inheritance

A

Where we study the inheritance of two genes together over one or more generations

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12
Q

F1 generation

A

The first generation of offspring when two parents breed

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13
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring of the F1 generation, produced when these breed with each other - the grandchildren of the original breeding pair

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14
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA nucleotides/based that codes for a polypeptide/protein

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15
Q

Allele

A

A specific version or variant of a gene. Alleles of the same gene are always found at the same locus on a particular chromosome

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16
Q

Multiple alleles

A

When a particular gene occurs as more than two different versions in the populations gene pool. An individual can however only have two copies of each gene (assuming diploid)

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

A genotype in which both alleles of a gene are identical in that individual
= pure breeding
= true breeding

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

A genotype in which the two alleles of a gene are different in that individual

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19
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed even in a heterozygous individual

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20
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene/allele on its chromosome

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21
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele

22
Q

Co-dominant

A

Two different alleles that equally contribute to the phenotype in a heterozygous individual

23
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Two or more different genes are found on the same chromosome and hence particular combinations of their alleles tend to be inherited together

24
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome apart for X or Y

25
Q

Sex linkage

A

A particular gene is found only on the X chromosome and does not occur on the Y chromosome

26
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene is able to mask/suppress/ block the expression of a second gene found at a different locus. Having particular alleles present at ge first gene locus prevents expression of the alleles at the second gene locus

27
Q

Genetic disorder

A

A developmental/ Health problem or disease that is wholly caused by inheriting specific faulty alleles of a gene. Can be recessive or dominant

28
Q

Evolution

A

A change in allele frequencies in a population over time

29
Q

Stabilising selection

A

A form of natural selection that occurs when the environmental conditions remain stable over many generations

30
Q

Directional selection

A

A form of natural selection that occurs when the environmental conditions are changing over time or have recently changed

31
Q

Sexual selection

A

Some characteristics are selected for in a population not because they directly increase the chance of survival but because they are attractive and desirable characteristics in a mate.

32
Q

Artificial selection and selective breeding

A

Humans can direct the evolution of a plant/animal species that we use for food/pets by choosing certain individuals from a population and then only allowing these individuals to breed

33
Q

Genetic drift

A

A random change to allele frequencies particularly significant in small, isolated, inbred populations

34
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

When a major catastrophe wipes out most of a population, leaving a small number of individuals whose genetic diversity is inevitably much lower than the original population

35
Q

The founder effect

A

When a small number of individuals become separated from the main population and go on to breed with each other and establish a new population elsewhere. These founder individuals only contain a small unrepresentative selection of alleles from the main population

36
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles from one population to another due to immigration followed by interbreeding between the new individuals and members of the existing population

37
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics, capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

38
Q

Speciation

A

The generation of two or more new species from a common ancestor through evolution

39
Q

Isolating mechanism

A

A feature that can prevent two population groups from interbreeding

40
Q

Divergence

A

Increasing genetic and phenotypic differences over many generations

41
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Each population group may adapt to exploit a different food source

42
Q

Ecological niches

A

The specific role of an organism/species in its ecosystem

43
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

The evolution of new species from an ancestor population where the subgroups become isolated and are prevented from interbreeding due to a physical barrier in the landscape that ships them meeting. A geographical isolating mechanism

44
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The generation of new species from an ancestor population even though the sub populations still occupy the same geographical area

45
Q

Ecological isolation.

A

When the two populations have different habitat preferences and only tend to breed with those that have the same habitat preferences

46
Q

Seasonal isolation

A

When the two population groups are fertile and inclined to breed at different times of the year

47
Q

Temporal isolation

A

When the two population groups are fertile and inclined to breed at different times of the day

48
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Those that occur before fertilisation

49
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Those that occur after fertilisation

50
Q

Haemophilia A

A

A blood clotting disorder

Example of recessive sex linked disorder

Biology Definitions A2 (1 decks)

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