Patterns of Development in Writi Flashcards
Patterns of Development in Writing
a. Narration
b. Definition
c. Description
d. Comparison and Contrast
e. Sequence
f. Cause and Effect
g. Problem and Solution
Narration
Refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting of a series of events.
Examples of Narration
a. Personal essays
b. Fairy tales
c. Short stories
d. Novels, plays
e. Screenplays
f. Autobiographies
g. Histories
h. News stories
Signal Words for Narration
a. Place: elsewhere, here, above, below, farther on
b. Example: for instance, for example, for one thing
c. Contrast: however, but, on the other hand
d. Sequence: first, second, next, finally
e. Amplification: again, in addition, furthermore
f. Emphasis: in fact, yes, no, indeed
Definition
a. Explains an idea, term or phrase using distinguishing characteristics or synonyms.
b. Used to set working generalizations that help control the meaning and scope of important terms or ideas. (Perelman, et al., n.d.)
Signal Words for Definition
defined as, is, known, the term, means, is stated as, is used to, mean, for example, to illustrate, for instance, such as, specifically
Description
a. Similar with narration for having many specific details
b. Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels
c. Often used to establish a mood or atmosphere. (Bedford, Freeman and Worth, 2019, p.2)
Features of Description
Identification and Description
Identification
Contains about the introduction of a person, place, animal, or object that will be described.
Description (Feature)
Contains a description about something by describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the writer describes.
Comparison and Contrast
a. Compare two things to highlight their subtle similarities and differences.
b. Author’s intent is to describe connection between two things by showing their distinguishing and shared attributes (Bohaty, 2015)
Signal Words for Comparison and Contrast
like, similar to, also, unlike, similarly, in the same way, likewise, again, compared to, in contrast, in like manner, contrasted with, on the contrary, however, although, yet, even though, still, but, nevertheless, conversely, at the same time, regardless, despite, while, on the one hand . . . on the other hand
Sequence
a. Describes steps, events, processes, or procedures.
b. Author is putting information in an order.
Three Types of Sequence
a. Steps
b. Timeline
c. Cycle
Sequence Connectors
And, or, but, so, first, then, later, before, finally, after that
Cause and Effect
a. Shows the linkage of causation – how events are influenced or caused by another.
b. Author’s intent is to tell us how an event always leads to an outcome.
c. The event is the cause and the outcome is the result
d. The relationship is between the cause and the effect. (Bohaty, 2015, p. 40)
Examples of Cause and Effect
a. Chain smoking
b. Drug addiction
c. Early pregnancy
d. Poor academic performance
e. Habitual absenteeism
f. High inflation rate
g Traditional PUV’s phaseout
h. Territorial and maritime disputes
i. Overpopulation
Signal Words for Cause and Effect
Because, so, so that, if . . . then, consequently, thus, since, for, for this reason, as a result of, therefore, due to, this is how, nevertheless, accordingly
Problem and Solution
a. Divides information into two main sections, one that describes a problem and one that describes a solution.
b. Author’s intent is to discuss or propose a solution to a problem.
c. The relationship between the problem and the solution is explored (Bohaty, 2015)
Signal Words for Problem and Solution
the question is, one answer is, one reason for, recommendations include, because, cause, since, therefore, consequently, as a result of, this led to, could be, so that, nevertheless, accordingly, if . . . then, thus
