PATTERNS AND TRENDS = FEMINISM Flashcards
1
Q
what do feminists believe?
A
- culture has been shaped by men and neglects the contribution that women have made in society
- male stream subculture
- most sociological research is focused on men and is conducted by men and assumes it can be generalised for women as well
2
Q
what’s the key aim for feminists?
A
- redress this imbalance
- role of women in society to change
- keen to empower women and want to treat them as equals
3
Q
what’s first wave feminism?
A
- emergered in mid 1800s
- aims to reform social and legal inequalities affecting women and in get right to vote
- concerned about poor educational opportunities available to girls and fought for better secondary education access to higher education
- by 1900s achieved most goals
- right to vote granted in 1928
- education system reformed to give girls more rights and employment wise women greater access to professions like medicine
- however women were still socialised to be mainly mothers and housewives
4
Q
what’s second wave feminism?
A
- grew in 1960s
- linked to social change like civil rights and gay right
- ‘the personal is political’
- aimed to raise women’s consciousness about the problems that they faced in society
- created a sense of sister hood
- lost unity and momentum in the end
5
Q
what were the demands established through second-wave feminism?
A
- equal pay for equal work
- equal education and job opportunities
- free contraception and abortion on demand
- free 24-hour nurseries
then in 1978 more demands were added on
- an end to discrimination against lesbians
- freedom for all women from intimidation by the threat or use of violence or sexual coercion regardless of marital status
- an end to all laws assumptions and institutions that perpetuate male dominance and aggression against women
6
Q
what’s third wave feminism?
A
- developed mid 1990s onwards
- more diverse and individualist form of feminism due to globalisation
- less on laws and political processes and more on individual identity
- acknowledged ethnicities, nationalists, religions and cultural backgrounds of women
- criticises second wave for expressing interests of only white middle-class women
- aims to define feminism for themselves in a way that reflects their identity
- focus on making changes to traditional ideas about sexuality and gender roles in media
7
Q
what’s forth wave feminism?
A
- movement necessary in the 21st century to action against sexism and inequalities girls face
-use the Internet to bring change - The Everyday Sexism Project 2012
- activism badges for girl guides - “Go for it!”
- Mumsnet 2013 = 59% feminists
- UK feministas campaign against supermarkets displaying lads’ mag
8
Q
what does forth wave feminist Kira Cochrane argue?
A
- its defined by technology : tools that areallowg women to build a strong popular movement online
9
Q
what are the different strands of feminism?
A
- liberal feminism
- Marxist feminism
- radical feminists
10
Q
explain liberal feminism
A
- equal rights for males and females in workplaces education and politics
- gender inequalities due to gender role socialisation and unfair laws
- changes in norms and values will bring equality
- legislation is the solution = the Equal Pay Act and sex discrimination act
11
Q
what does liberal feminist Ann Oakley argue?
A
- gender socialisation in families is an important area since inequalities root from a young age
- occurs through manipulation and canalisation which teach expected norms + values
- manipulation = encouragement of behaviour that is seen as gender appropriate
- canalisation = channelling of children towards toys and activities appropriate for their gender
- don’t see men as oppressors and are happy to work with them
12
Q
why has Oakley been prasied?
A
- endurance in still being able to explain gender differences that continue to show in society
13
Q
what are the criticism for Oakley?
A
- postmodernists = gender identities are no longer fixed and there are a range of masculinities and feminists. Oakley is outdated and lacks temporal validity
- regards children as passive recipients, there is resistance to gender role socialisation as some children actively go against gender stereotypes eg tom girls - Connell
14
Q
what does Connell say about gender role socialisation?
A
- there is resistance to gender role socialisation and some children actively go against traditional gender stereotypes
15
Q
what’s sue Sharpe’s study about?
A
- compared the attitudes of working-class girls in London schools in the early 1970s and 1990s. She found that the 1990s girls were more confident, more assertive, more ambitious and more committed to gender equality.
- education 1972 67% wanted to leave school at 16 later 67% wanted to stay