PATM Music and the emotional brain Flashcards
Learn about emotions in music and the brain.
- What is the difference between an emotion and a mood?
• Emotions may be defined as fairly brief
and intense experiences
• Mood may refer to less intense but more
prolonged experiences
- What are the basic emotions humans experience?
- Sadness
- Joy
- Surprise
- Fear
- Anger
- Disgust
- Contemp
- Describe the Circumplex model of emotions. Russell, 1980.
This type of model is particularly good
for capturing the continuous changes in
emotional expression in music.
Organises emotions in terms of affect
(pleasant/unpleasant) and degrees of
physiological arousal (high/low)
- Emotional responses comprise 3
physiological components name them.
- Behavioural (muscular – run away)
- Autonomic nervous system (gives a lot more energy)
- Hormonal Components
5.The 3 different emotional response
components are controlled by what?
The amygdala which is located in the temporal lobes in the brain.
- How do we know that the amygdala is implicated in emotions?
- Patient data shows that lesions in the amygdala lead to a decrease in emotional responses (La Bar et al., 1995; Bechara et al., 1995).
- Tranquilizers and opiate effects are in the amygdala.
- In humans stimulation of the hypothalamus produces autonomic responses associated with fear and anxiety but people only report feeling afraid when the amygdala is stimulated as well (White, 1940; Halgren et al., 1978; Gloor et al.,1982).
- How is the hypothalamus linked with the amygdala?
- In humans stimulation of the hypothalamus produces autonomic responses associated with fear and anxiety but people only report feeling afraid when the amygdala is stimulated as well (White, 1940; Halgren et al., 1978; Gloor et al., 1982).
- Discus brain responses to musical emotions where PET (positron emission tomography) was used to examine cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes related to affective responses to music.
**Blood, Zatorre, Bermudez & Evans (1999). **
Music recruits neural mechanisms similar to those previously associated with pleasant/unpleasant emotional states
Subjective reports of chills were accompanied by changes in heart rate, electromyogram (EMG emectrical activity in muscle, and respiration.
As intensity of these chills increased, cerebral blood flow increases and decreases were observed in brain regions thought to be involved in reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal.
**Blood, Zatorre, Bermudez & Evans (1999). **
- What did Leonard Meyer (1950s)
say about Emotion and Meaning in Music
“Principle emotional content of music arises through the composer’s choreographing of expectation. Meyer noted that composers sometimes thwart our expectations, sometimes delay an expected outcome, and sometimes simply give us what we expect. Meyer suggested that the principle source of music’s emotive power lies in the realm of expectation”
- What does the ITPRA stand for?
- I = Imagination Response - what do you think might happen?
- T = Tension Response - are you ready for what is about to happen?
- P = Prediction Response- did you predict the outcome accurately and how do you feel about the accuracy of your prediction?
- R = Reaction Response - How have you reacted and how does it make you feel?
- A = Appraisal Response - Upon reflection, how do you feel things have A worked out?
- Describe the ITPRA theory
Imagination response
- Future-oriented behavioural motivation
- The ability to “preview” important for imagination (patient data)
- We “feel” rather than “think” about future possibilities
- This ability allows deterred gratification – forego an immediate pleasure in order to gain greater pleasure later
- Allows us to go through emotional peaks and troughs
- Describe the ITPRA theory
Tension response
Preparing for an emotional event involves motor preparation (arousal) and perceptual preparation (tension)
Must be synchronised for the onset of the musical event.
Optimum arousal and attention in preparation for anticipated events
- Describe the ITPRA theory Prediction response
- Expectation-related emotion
- Negative/positive reinforcements to encourage the formation of accurate expectations
- Rewards and punishments arise in response to the accuracy of the expectation
- Describe the ITPRA theory Reaction Response
- Were outcomes pleasant or unpleasant?
- Neurologically fast responses “Quick and dirty” that assume a worst case assessment of the outcome
- Describe the ITPRA theory Appraisal Responses
- Here conscious thought is involved
- Neurologically complex assessment of the final outcome that results in negative/positive reinforcements
- Reaction and appraisal responses are independent and may evoke different emotions or may re-enforce each other
- Describe the full ITPRA theory with reference to Pre-event and Post-event
Pre-event
I) Feeling states first activated by imagining
different outcomes
T) As event approaches tension is experienced
- *Post event**
- *P**) Once event has occurred, feeling evoked in response to whether ones predictions were borne out
- *R**) Fast response to event
- *A**) Less hasty appraisal of the event
