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(UNI) Clinical (2nd Year) > Patient Examination > Flashcards

Patient Examination Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in a respiratory exam?

A

CHest X-ray, inspection of the chest, percussion (tapping the chest), auscultation (listening to the chest), respiratory rate, sputum (amount and colour), hand examination, face examination, chest expansion, vocal resonance.

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2
Q

What is a chest x-ray used to look for?

A

Pneumothorax, tumours, consolidation (solid tissues, scarring), etc.

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3
Q

What does a barrel chest suggest?

A

COPD.

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4
Q

What does a pigeon chest suggest?

A

Chronic childhood asthma.

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5
Q

When one is tapping the chest, what does resonance the same on both sides suggest?

A

Healthy lungs.

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6
Q

When one is tapping the chest, what does hyper-resonance, low pitch suggest?

A

Air-filled space, pneumothorax.

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7
Q

When one is tapping the chest, what does dull sound, high pitch suggest?

A

Consolidation from pneumonia.

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8
Q

When one is tapping the chest, what does a stoney dull sound suggest?

A

Fluid accumulation.

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9
Q

When listening to the chest, what do amplified vocal sounds suggest?

A

Consolidation.

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10
Q

When listening to the chest, what does a decrease in breath sounds suggest?

A

Collapse/obstruction.

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11
Q

When listening to the chest, what does a wheeze suggest?

A

Forced air flow with residual trapping; caused by swelling, tumours, or obstructive bodies.

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12
Q

When listening to the chest, what do crackles suggest?

A

Increased fluid.

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13
Q

When listening to the chest, what do rubs (a creaking sound) suggest?

A

Plural inflammation.

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14
Q

In terms of the chest/lungs, what is consolidation?

A

A pulmonary consolidation is a region of (normally compressible) lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air.

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15
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate?

A

10 to 16 breaths per minute.

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16
Q

In terms of respiratory rate, how can 10-16 breaths per minute be described?

A

Normal.

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17
Q

What does the presence of green sputum suggest?

A

Infection of pneumonia.

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18
Q

What does the presence of red sputum (blood) suggest?

A

TB or cancer.

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19
Q

What does the presence of pink or clear and frothy sputum suggest?

A

Pulmonary oedema.

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20
Q

What does the presence of mucoid, white, or grey sputum suggest?

A

Chronic bronchitis or asthma.

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21
Q

When one examines a patients hands during a respiratory exam, that may they be looking for?

A

Nicotine staining, finger clubbing, etc.

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22
Q

When one examines a patients face during a respiratory exam, that may they be looking for?

A

Cyanosis - a bluish decolouration of the skin.

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23
Q

What is the cause of cyanosis?

A

Poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

24
Q

If one’s chest expands symmetrically and equally with no pain, what does this suggest?

A

Healthy lungs.

25
Q

Describe the chest expansion of someone with healthy lungs.

A

Symmetrical expansion with no pain.

26
Q

How is the vocal resonance portion of a respiratory exam carried out?

A

The chest is auscultated in a systematic fashion; the patient says 99.

27
Q

When carrying out a vocal resonance test; what is suggested by both numbers sounding the same, transmission of lower sounds, and filtering of higher sounds?

A

The lungs are healthy.

28
Q

When carrying out a vocal resonance test; what is suggested by the transmission of higher sounds, the numbers sounding distinct, a buzzing quality which is similar to helium?

A

Consolidated lungs.

29
Q

When carrying out a vocal resonance test; what is suggested by reduced resonance or absence of resonance?

A

Plural disease.

30
Q

What is included in a GI exam?

A

Site of pain, palpation, general enquiries.

31
Q

In terms of a GI exam, what is palpation?

A

How the abdomen feels.

32
Q

Why is the site of pain important in a GI exam?

A

Can differentiate between conditions.

33
Q

What general enquiries are included in the GI exam?

A

Frequency and type of bowel movement, appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, gurgling, heartburn/reflux, jaundice, ascites.

34
Q

What parameters can be used to describe stool?

A

‘Structure’ (Bristol stool chart), colour, slime, blood, etc.

35
Q

What does green vomit suggest?

A

Excess bile.

36
Q

What does bright red blood in vomit suggest?

A

Upper GI bleed.

37
Q

What does coffee ground decolouration of the vomit suggest?

A

Digested blood.

38
Q

What does heartburn/reflux suggest?

A

Excess acid, GORD, etc.

39
Q

What is ascites?

A

Ascites is the accumulation of protein-containing (ascitic) fluid within the abdomen.

40
Q

How is the abdomen represented diagrammatically?

A

In the form of a hexagon, split into 9 sections representing different parts of the abdomen.

41
Q

What does a nervous system examination include?

A

Glasgow coma scale, mental status, cranial nerves examination, reflex test, sense test (only if indicated), cerebellar examination.

42
Q

How is a cerebellar examination carried out?

A

Using an EEG or a CT scanner.

43
Q

What does the mental status test, test?

A

Orientation in time, place, and person.

44
Q

When is an ortho exam carried out?

A

Ortho examinations are only carried out if the presenting complaint is pain, weakness, or stiffness in an area or through trauma.

45
Q

What does an ortho examination include?

A

Symptoms, visual signs, mobility and range of movement, biochemical tests, radiographic changes.

46
Q

When carrying out an ortho exam, what does pain worse on movement suggest?

A

Muscular damage.

47
Q

When carrying out an ortho exam, what does a sharp stabbing pain suggest?

A

Fracture.

48
Q

When carrying out an ortho exam, what does a shooting or burning pain suggest?

A

A damaged or trapped nerve.

49
Q

What visual signs are examined in an ortho exam?

A

Nodules, bruising, bones breaking through the skin.

50
Q

What biochemical tests are included in an ortho exam?

A

ESR, CRP, RF, and ANA.

51
Q

What investigative procedures are used to examine a patient?

A

Radiography, tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, endoscopy/colonoscopy, electrography.

52
Q

Describe radiography.

A

X-ray imaging carried out by a radiographer and radiologist.

53
Q

Describe tomography.

A

A layered X-ray.

54
Q

Describe magnetic resonance imaging.

A

Primarily used for brain imaging, provides good pictures of the brain.

55
Q

What is ultrasound used for?

A

Used for unborn children and investigating the liver.

56
Q

Describe endoscopy/colonoscopy.

A

Inserting a small camera to view within the body.

57
Q

What electrographic methods are used to examine a patient?

A

EEG and ECG.

(UNI) Clinical (2nd Year) (19 decks)

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