Patient Care Exam 1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Which modalities do NOT use ionizing radiation?
A
MRI
Sonography
2
Q
Accreditation Agencies
A
Ensure education programs meet standards
3
Q
JRCERT
A
Accreditation agency for radiography programs
4
Q
Certification Bodies
A
Award credentials to individuals who pass their examination
5
Q
ARRT
A
Certification body for radiography
6
Q
Professional Societies
A
Voluntary organizations that inform, represent & lead members
7
Q
ISRRT
A
International Society
8
Q
ASRT
A
Society for Radiologic Technologists
9
Q
AAPA
A
Society for Medical Physicists
10
Q
ACR
A
Society for Radiologists
11
Q
6 Problem-solving & Critical Thinking Resources
A
- Institutional policies
- Federal laws
- State laws
- ARRT Standard of Ethics
- ARRT Code of Ethics
- ASRT Practice Standards
12
Q
Steps in Critical Thinking & Problem Solving
A
- Identify the problem
- Investigate the problem, ojectively
- Develop viable solutions
- Select the best solution, and
- Implement it
13
Q
Ensure that educational programs meet standards
A
Accreditation Agencies
14
Q
Accreditation agency for radiography programs
A
JRCERT
15
Q
Award credentials to individuals who pass their examination
A
Certification Bodies
16
Q
Certification body for radiography
A
ARRT
17
Q
Voluntary organizations that inform, represent & lead members
A
Professional Societies
18
Q
International Society
A
ISRRT
19
Q
Society for Radiologic Technologists
A
ASRT
20
Q
Society for Medical Physicists
A
AAPA
21
Q
Society for Radiologists
A
ACR
22
Q
Why does hierarchy exist?
A
- Organizational view
- Decision making
- Responsibility
- Prioritization
- Communication
23
Q
Organizational View
A
Greater diversity of information exists as you move up the hierarchy
24
Q
Decision Making
A
Someone needs to decide, especially in emergency
25
Responsibilty
Someone needs to be able to effect change when problems exist
26
Prioritization
Structures are put in place that need to be followed, especially in emergency
27
Communication
Communication needs to flow up to those that make decisions & down to those who implement decisions
28
Bullying
People higher up the hierarchy may force their decisions
29
Depth of Knowledge
People near top of hierarchy have broad scope of knowledge but lack depth of knowledge/ specific details
30
Expertise
Hierarchies are often dependent on skills, abilities, communication style of those at the top
31
Roadblocks
Communication should only flow one step above or below your position in hierarchy
32
MQSA
Mammography Quality Standards Act - regulates mammography services on federal level
33
Joint Commission
Accreditation body for hospitals & clinics
34
OSHA
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Regulates workplace federally
35
Difference between screening & diagnostic tests
Screening - people without symptoms
Diagnostic - people with symptoms or asymptomatic w/ positive screening test
36
6 factors physicians use to determine which imaging modality to use
Efficacy
Radiation dose
Patient risk
Patient tolerance
Timeliness
Cost
37
Minimum of ___ views on all radiographs
Two
38
Imaging choice for pediatric patient
Sonography
39
Patients come to radiology at higher or lower levels of Maslow's Hierarchy?
Lower
40
Patient interaction - Pediatrics
Come DOWN to their level
Speak SOFTLY
Setup equipment BEFORE child enters room
41
Patient interaction - Adolescents
MODESTY is important
Get them INVOLVED
Speak to them like an ADULT
42
Patient interaction - Geriatrics
Assume ALL body functions are decreased
Speak clearly & SLOWLY
Keep them COMFORTABLE
Be PATIENT
43
Patient interaction - Terminally ill patient
Patient AUTONOMY
44
History taking - 2 types of data
Subjective data
Objective data
45
Subjective data
Feelings, attitudes
46
Objective data
Measurable, physiologic
47
Sacred 7 of Medical Histories
Localization
Chronology
Quality
Severity
Onset
Aggravating factors
Associated manifestations
48
Medical histories - Localization
Where does it hurt?
49
Medical histories - Chronology
When did it start?
50
Medical histories - Quality
Can you describe the symptoms?
51
Medical histories - Severity
On a scale of 1-10, how would you describe your pain?
52
Medical histories - Onset
Was there an event that caused this?
53
Medical histories - Aggravating factors
Does it hurt more/less when you stand?
54
Medical histories - Associated Manifestations
Do other symptoms occur at same time?
55
Center of gravity is at level of ____
Second sacral segment
56
Wheelchair transfers should occur w/ wheelchair at ____ degree angle to the ____
45 degree
table
57
4 General principles of lifting
COMMUNICATION
PATIENT does much of the work
Hold the patient CLOSE
Orthostatic hypotension - patient feels faint after STANDING too quickly
58
4 Steps - Stretcher transfer
LOCK the stretcher
Ask the PATIENT what they can do
Use SLIDERBOARD
THREE people needed for non-patient assisted transfer
59
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders - WRMSD - caused by?
Single event
Repetition (common in sonography)
60
Goal of immobilization techniques
Reduce motion
61
4 General principles of immobilization techniques
Communication
Comfort
Demonstration
Efficiency
62
Immobilization technique - Communication
Leads to patient cooperation
Less anxiety
Less motion
63
Immobilization technique - Efficiency
Quick exam leads to less motion for patients in pain or have difficulty holding position
64
Immobilization technique - Demonstration
Showing patient how restraint is used reduces anxiety
65
Immobilization technique - Comfort
Warm, comfortable patient is a steady patient
66
Trauma applications
Initial images should INCLUDE device
Device can be removed after being CLEARED
67
Restraints - do not?
Do not REMOVE restraint w/o authorization
Do not RESTRAIN patient w/o permission
68
Immobilization Ethics
False imprisonment - Restraint against your will
69
Average oral body temperature
98.6 degrees
70
Hypothermia: oral temperature
Below 97.7 degrees
71
Hyperthermia: oral temperature
Higher than 99.5 degrees
72
Body temperature - axillary
97.6 degrees
73
Body temperature - tympanic
97.6 degrees
74
Body temperature - temporal
100 degrees
75
Body temperature - rectal
99.6 degrees
76
Respiratory rate - adult
12 to 20 breaths per minute
77
Respiratory rate - child
20 to 30 breaths per minute
78
Tachypnea
Fast breathing rate
79
Bradypnea
Slow breathing rate
80
Pulse rate - adult
60 to 100 bpm
81
Pulse rate - child
70 to 120 bpm
82
Tachycardia
Fast pulse rate
83
Bradycardia
Slow pulse rate
84
Pulse oximeter - normal oxygen saturation
95-100%
85
Blood pressure - normal
120/80 systolic/diastolic
86
Hypotension
Below normal blood pressure
87
Hypertension
Above normal blood pressure
88
Oxygen is considered a drug?
Yes
89
Oxygen flowmeter color
Green
90
Endotracheal tubes
Radiograph needed for placement: 1-2" above carina
91
Thoracostomy tubes
Commonly called CHEST tubes
Drain fluid/air in intrapleural space & mediastinum
92
Central lines
Catheter that is inserted into large VEIN
93
Central lines - most common insertion sites
Preferred: subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein
Femoral veins
94
Infection Control - chain of infection
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
95
Pathogen
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasite
96
Reservoir - 5 examples
People
Animals
Soil
Food
Water
97
Portal of Exit - 3 examples
Coughing/sneezing
Bodily secretions
Feces
98
Mode of Transmission - 3 examples
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Vectors
99
Portal of Entry - 4 places
Mouth
Nose
Eyes
Cuts in skin
100
Susceptible Host
Elderly
Infants
Immunocompromised
ANYONE!
101
Bacteria
Microscopic single-celled organisms that resides in host as a colony
102
Bacteria classified by ____
Shape
103
Common diseases caused by bacteria
Strep throat
Food poisoning
104
Virus
Microscopic organism that infect humans/plants/animals
Small piece of DNA or RNA
Can't reproduce w/o a host
Can't live long outside a living cell
105
Common diseases caused by viruses
Flu
Common cold
COVID-19
106
Fungi
Single celled or very complex multicellular organism
Small number of fungi cause disease in animal
107
Fungi cause these human skin diseases
Athlete's foot
Ringworm
Thrush
108
Parasitic Protozoa
Neither plant nor animal but larger than bacteria
Classified by their movement
Live on or in other organisms at expense of host
109
Parasitic disease that causes most deaths globally
Malaria
110
Reservoir
Place for pathogen to thrive
111
Portal of exit
Any route for pathogen to LEAVE reservoir
112
Direct Contact transmission
Person-to-person contact
113
Droplet transmission
Pathogen transferred thru air via droplet of body secretion
Relatively large - usually falls from suspension after 3-6 feet of travel
114
Blood-borne transmission
Pathogen transmitted directly thru blood
115
Airborne transmission
Pathogens smaller than 5 microns remain suspended in air long after person left area
116
Vector transmission
Insects transport pathogen
117
Fomite transmission
Inanimate objects carry & spread disease
118
Portal of entry
Any route that pathogen uses to enter host
119
Susceptible host - factors
Age
Health status
Medication usage
120
Nosocomial infection
Hospital infection
5% of all inpatients contract nosocomial infection
121
Handwashing time
40-60 seconds
122
Hand rub time
20-30 seconds
123
4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - donning
1. Gown
2. Mask
3. Goggles
4. Gloves
124
4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - removal
1. Gloves
2. Goggles
3. Gown
4. Mask
125
Surgical Asepsis
Eliminate all microorganisms from an area
126
Medical Asepsis
Reduce all microorganisms from an area
127
Sterile field
Create sterile field as close to time of USE
Anything BELOW table surface/waist is unsterile
Radiology equipment must be covered w/ sterile covering
128
Gown - sterile
Gowns - sterile on arms and front above waist
Sterile people must pass each other BACK-TO-BACK
129
4 Common surgical procedures in radiology
Chest tube placement
Dressing changes
Tracheostomy
Urinary catherization
130
5 Common non-aseptic technique activities in radiology
Nasogastric (NG) tubes
Urinal use
Bedpan use
Enema
Barium enema
131
5 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
132
Maslow - Physiological needs
Air
Food & Water
Shelter & Sleep
Clothing
Reproduction
133
Maslow - Safety needs
Health
Personal security
Employment
Resources
Property
134
Maslow - Love and belonging
Friendship
Family
Intimacy
Sense of connection
135
Maslow - Esteem
Freedom
Strength
Self-esteem
Status
Respect
Recognition
136
Maslow - Self-actualization
Desire to become the most that one can be
