Patient Care Exam 1 Flashcards
What radiologic technology uses ionizing radiation?
-Radiography
-nuclear medicine
-radiation therapy
-interventional
-mammography
-bone densitometry
-CT
What radiologic technology is non-ionizing?
-MRI
-Sonography
What is the purpose of accreditation agencies?
Ensure that educational programs meet standards.
JRCERT
Joint review committee on education in radiologic technology
Accreditation agency for radiography programs
Certification bodies
Award credentials to individuals who pass their exam
ARRT
American Registry of radiologic technologist
Certification, body for radiography.
Professional societies
Voluntary organizations that inform, represent, and lead members.
Name four professional societies
ISRRT - international Society
ASRT - society for radiologist technologist
AAPA - society for medical physicist
ACR - society for radiologist
Name the six problem-solving and critical thinking resources in order of importance
- Institutional policies.
- Federal laws.
- State laws.
- ARRT standards of ethics.
- ARRT code of ethics.
- ASRT practice standards.
What are the five steps in critical thinking and problem-solving?
- Identify the problem.
- Investigate the problem objectively
- Develop viable solutions.
- Select the best solution.
- Implement it.
Why does hierarchy exist?
Organizational view
Decision-making
Responsibility
Prioritization
Communication
What are the dangers of hierarchy?
Bullying
Depth of knowledge
Expertise
Roadblocks
OSHA
The occupational safety and health administration regulates the workplace federally
The joint commission
The accreditation body for hospitals and clinics
MQSA
The Mammography Quality Standards Act regulates, mammography services on a federal level
What is the difference between screening and diagnostic tests?
Screening - people without symptoms who may have a higher risk of developing disease
Diagnostic - with symptoms or asymptomatic individuals with a positive screening test.
What are the six things to consider for a physician to determine which imaging modality to use?
Efficacy
Radiation dose
Patient risk
Patient tolerance
Timeliness
Cost
What is the imaging of choice for pediatric patients?
Sonography
Generally, what is the minimum views performed on all radiographs?
Two
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Patients generally come to the radiology department at lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy.
Subjective data versus objective data
Subjective data - feelings and attitudes
Objective data - measurable and physiologic
Sacred seven of medical histories
Localization - where does it hurt?
Chronology - when did it start?
Quality - can you describe the symptoms?
Severity - on a scale of one to 10 how would you describe your pain?
Onset - was there an event that caused this?
Aggravating - does it hurt more or less when you stand?
Associated manifestations - do other symptoms occur at the same time?
Where should the wheelchair be when transferring a patient from wheelchair to table?
45° angle to the table
What are the general principles of lifting?
Communication
The patient - should do as much work as possible
Hold the patient close
Orthostatic hypotension - the patient feels faint after standing too quickly
Orthostatic hypotension
The patient feels faint after standing too quickly
Stretcher transfer
Lock the stretcher
Ask the patient what they can do
Use a slide board if available
Three people are needed for a non-patient assisted transfer
Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD)
Can happen from a single event or repetition (most common in sonography)
What is the primary goal of immobilization techniques?
To reduce motion
What are the four general principles of immobilization techniques?
Communication
Efficiency
Demonstration
Comfort
Average oral temperature
98.6 Fahrenheit
Hypothermia
Oral temperature below 97.7 Fahrenheit
Hyperthermia
Oral temperature higher than 99.5°F
Axillary temperature
Armpits 97.6°F
What is the most accurate reading for temperature?
The rectal. temperature at 99.6°F
Adults average respiratory rate
12 to 20 breaths per minute
A child average respiratory rate
20 to 30 breaths per minute
Tachypnea
Fast breathing rate
Bradypnea
Slow breathing rate
Average pulse rate for adults
60 to 100 bpm
Average pulse rate for children
70 to 120 bpm
Tachycardia
Fast pulse rate
Bradycardia
Slow pulse rate
Pulse oximeter normal oxygen saturation
95 to 100%
Normal blood pressure
Systolic/diastolic
120/80
Hypotension
Below normal
Hypertension
Above normal
High blood pressure
What color is the oxygen flow meter usually
Green
Oxygen is considered a
Drug
Endotracheal tubes
Radiograph needed for placement one to 2 inches above carina
Thoracostomy tubes
Commonly called chest tubes. They drain the intrapleural space and mediastinum of fluid or air.
Central lines
Catheter that is inserted into a large vein.
Preferred subclavian vein
Three most common insertion sites for central lines
Preferred: subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein
Femoral veins
Chain of infection
Susceptible host - elderly, infants, immunocompromised, anyone
Pathogen - bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite
Reservoir - people, animals, soil, food, water
Portal of exit - coughing/sneezing, bodily secretions, feces
Mode of transmission - direct contact, indirect contact, vectors
Portal of entry - mouth, nose, eyes, cuts and skin
Where is your center of gravity level at?
Second sacral segment
In trauma applications, the initial image should
Include device. Device can be removed after being cleared.
What are the two “do nots” of restraint?
Do not remove the restraint without authorization
Do not restrain a patient without permission
False imprisonment
Restraint against your will
Difference between immobilization and restraints
Immobilization - patient can get out
Restraints - patient cannot get out on their own
Average body temperature for rectal
99.6
Average body temperature for temporal
100
Average body temperature for a tympanic (middle ear)
97.6
Four types of pathogens
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasitic protozoa
Bacteria
Microscopic, single, celled organisms, that reside in a host as a group or cluster, called a colony
How is bacteria classified?
By shape
Common diseases caused by bacteria
Food poisoning
Strep throat
Viruses
Microscopic organisms that can infect host like humans, plants, or animals
They are essentially a small piece of genetic information (DNA or RNA)
Viruses can’t reproduce without
A host
Viruses cannot live long
Outside of living cell
Common diseases caused by viruses
The flu, the cold, COVID-19
Fungi
Single celled, or very complex multicellular organism
Very small number of fungi caused diseases and animals
In humans, what kind of skin diseases can fungi cause
Athletes foot
Ring worm
Thrush
Parasitic protozoa
Neither plant nor animal, but larger than bacteria
How are parasitic protozoa classified?
By the way, they move
Where does parasitic protozoa live?
They live on or in other organisms at expense of host
What is the most common parasitic disease causing the most deaths globally?
Malaria
What is a reservoir?
A place for the pathogen to thrive
Portal of exit
Any route that the pathogen can leave the reservoir
Modes of transmission of pathogens
Direct contact
Droplet transmissions - requires a pathogen to be transferred through the air from its reservoir in a droplet of body secretions. Relatively large, and usually will fall from suspension after 3 to 6 feet of travel.
Blood-borne
Airborne
Vector - utilize insects to transport the pathogen
Fomite - refers to inanimate objects that can carry and spread disease
Portal of entry
Any route that a pathogen uses to enter the body (host)
How susceptible a host can be depends on many factors, three of which being
Age
Health status
Medication usage
What are healthcare associated infections called
Nosocomial infections
What percentage of inpatient contract a nosocomial infection?
5%
How long is standard handwashing?
40 to 60 seconds
How long is a hand rub?
20 to 30 seconds
Proper donning of personal protective equipment
- Gown
- Mask
- Goggles
- Gloves
In what order do you remove personal protective equipment?
Gloves
Goggles
Gown
Mask
Surgical asepsis
Aim to ELIMINATE all microorganisms from an area during surgical procedure
Medical asepsis
Aims to REDUCE all microorganisms from an area during an after any medical procedure
Sterile field
Create sterile field as close to the time of use as possible
Radiology equipment must be covered with a STERILE covering (often by the surgical team)
Anything below the surface of the table or below the waist is considered unsterile
How should sterile people pass each other
Back to back
Common surgical procedures in radiology
Dressing changes
Tracheostomy
Chest tube placement
Urinary catheterization
Common non-septic technique activities in radiology
Nasogastric tubes
Urinal use
Bed pan use
Enema
Barium enema
