patient assessment

Question 1

vesicular sounds

Answer 1

normal, low-pitched soft sounds, whispering or rustling –> turbulent airflow

Question 2

adventitious

Answer 2

abnormal, added sounds/vibrations produced by movement of air through abnormal airways
–> heard in uncharacteristic locations (crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, rubs)

Question 3

bronchial

Answer 3

loud, higher pitched sounds

• -> similar to sound of blowing through a tube
• -> turbulent air
• heard on upper portion of sternum

Question 4

crackles

Answer 4

abnormal sounds: coarse (wet sound) and fine (popping sound)

- can be heard anywhere, most likely right middle lobe

Question 5

wheeze

Answer 5

high-pitched sound, continuous

• usually occurs on exhalation
• -> airways always narrowed

Question 6

rhonchi

Answer 6

continuous sounds, quite low-pitched

• -> similar to milkshake bubbles
• heard throughout lung fields
• patient may clear with vigorous cough

Question 7

dyspnia

Answer 7

shortness of breath

Question 8

Kussmaul

Answer 8

rapid deep breathing caused by metabolic acidosis

Question 9

Cheyne-Stokes

Answer 9

irregular breathing, periods of apnea and then deep breathing

Question 10

Biot respiration

Answer 10

clustering of rapid, shallow breaths coupled with periods of apnea

Question 11

orthopnea

Answer 11

labored breathing in reclining position

Question 12

platypnea

Answer 12

shortness of breath increases in upright position

Question 13

normal heart rate range

Answer 13

60 - 100 bpm

Question 14

normal respiratory rate

Answer 14

12 - 20 bpm

Question 15

normal blood pressure

Answer 15

120/80mmHg

Question 16

normal temperature range

Answer 16

36.5 - 37.5 degrees Celscius

Question 17

pectus carinatum

Answer 17

sternum displaced pigeon chest

Question 18

pectus excavatum

Answer 18

sternal depression - funnel chest

Question 19

kyphosis

Answer 19

curvature of the spine

Question 20

barrel chest

Answer 20

abnormal increase in AP diameter of the thorax associated with emphysema and COPD

Question 21

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 21

volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled from the lungs during effortless breath

Question 22

minute ventilation (Ve)

Answer 22

Vt x f = Ve

Question 23

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 23

total amount of gas in the lungs after a max inspiration

Question 24

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 24

max volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal quiet inspiration

Question 25

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 25

total amount of gas that can be exhaled from the lung after a quiet exhalation

Question 26

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 26

volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a complete exhalation

Question 27

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 27

max amount of air that can be inhaled from the resting end expiratory level or FRC
–> sum of Vt and IRV

Question 28

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 28

total amount of gas left in lungs after a resting expiration

Question 29

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 29

total amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inspiration
–> sum of IRV + Vt + ERV