patient assessment Flashcards
vesicular sounds
normal, low-pitched soft sounds, whispering or rustling –> turbulent airflow
adventitious
abnormal, added sounds/vibrations produced by movement of air through abnormal airways
–> heard in uncharacteristic locations (crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, rubs)
bronchial
loud, higher pitched sounds
- -> similar to sound of blowing through a tube
- -> turbulent air
- heard on upper portion of sternum
crackles
abnormal sounds: coarse (wet sound) and fine (popping sound)
- can be heard anywhere, most likely right middle lobe
wheeze
high-pitched sound, continuous
- usually occurs on exhalation
- -> airways always narrowed
rhonchi
continuous sounds, quite low-pitched
- -> similar to milkshake bubbles
- heard throughout lung fields
- patient may clear with vigorous cough
dyspnia
shortness of breath
Kussmaul
rapid deep breathing caused by metabolic acidosis
Cheyne-Stokes
irregular breathing, periods of apnea and then deep breathing
Biot respiration
clustering of rapid, shallow breaths coupled with periods of apnea
orthopnea
labored breathing in reclining position
platypnea
shortness of breath increases in upright position
normal heart rate range
60 - 100 bpm
normal respiratory rate
12 - 20 bpm
normal blood pressure
120/80mmHg
normal temperature range
36.5 - 37.5 degrees Celscius
pectus carinatum
sternum displaced pigeon chest
pectus excavatum
sternal depression - funnel chest
kyphosis
curvature of the spine
barrel chest
abnormal increase in AP diameter of the thorax associated with emphysema and COPD
Tidal Volume (Vt)
volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled from the lungs during effortless breath
minute ventilation (Ve)
Vt x f = Ve
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
total amount of gas in the lungs after a max inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
max volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal quiet inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
total amount of gas that can be exhaled from the lung after a quiet exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a complete exhalation
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
max amount of air that can be inhaled from the resting end expiratory level or FRC
–> sum of Vt and IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
total amount of gas left in lungs after a resting expiration
Vital Capacity (VC)
total amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inspiration
–> sum of IRV + Vt + ERV
