PathoQuiz2 Flashcards
What cells secrete IL1?
macrophages, B cells
what cells does IL1 target?
T-cells, B cells and macrophages
what do IL1 promote?
proinflammatory factor, puts body on alert stage. They call neutrophils to interstitial area though diapedesis
what does IL2 promote?
T cell and NK proliferation
what does IL10 promote?
Mostly antiviral
What does TLR2 recognize and bind to?
peptidoglycans
what pathogen does TLR2 mainly fight against?
gram positive bacteria
What does TLR4 recognize and bind to?
lipopolysaccharides
What pathogen does TLR4 mainly fight against?
gram negative bacteria
What does TLR3 recognize and bind to?
Viral DNA
what pathogen does TLR3 mainly fight against?
viruses
epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor (EGF and TGF-alpha)
ERB B-2 and Her2 receptor over expressed in cancers and stimulate tumor growth
hepatocyte growth factor
produced by endothelial cells and promote cell scattering and migration. enhance survival of hepatocytes (found in book)
vascular endothelial growth factors
stimulate angiogenesis in chronic inflammation and is secreted with any abnormal blood flow
platelet derived growth factor
cause migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle and monocytes
fibroblast growth factors
angiogenesis, wound repair (macrophage, fibroblast and endothelial cell migration in damaged tissues and migration of epithelium to form new epidermis)
transforming growth factor (TGF-beta)
growth inhibitor for epithelial cells and leukocytes (decreases inflammation since less leukocytes), growth stimulator for fibroblasts, anti-inflammatory
what are the characteristics of 2nd intention healing of cutaneous wound?
ulcers, wide wounds, neutrophils. Fibroblasts are called, Epidermis and dermis proportions are not the same. The larger the wound the greater the contraction
Granulation tissue
Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells proliferate in the first 24 to 72 hours of the repair process to form a specialized type of tissue called granulation tissue, which is a hallmark of tissue repair. The term derives from its pink, soft, granular appearance on the surface of wounds. Its characteristic histologic feature is the presence of new small blood vessels (angiogenesis) and the proliferation of fibroblasts (Fig. 3-21). These new vessels are leaky, allowing the passage of plasma proteins and fluid into the extravascular space.
“Patching” steps
- Initial injury leads to Induction of an inflammatory process
- Removal of damaged and dead tissue
- Proliferation and migration of parenchymal and connective tissue cells
- Leads to the formation of new blood vessels (angioneogenesis) and granulation tissue (3-4 days)
- Synthesis of ECM proteins and collagen deposition
- Tissue remodeling (can last a year in a bad cut, in a bone it can last 3 years)
- Wound contraction
- Acquisition of wound strength (never reaches the quality of initial tissue)
what are the characteristics of 1st intention healing of cutaneous wound?
wounds that are narrow and deep, dense collagen deposition
labile
constantly cycling aka stratified squamous, transitional cells of urinary tract, columar of GI, bone marrow
quescent
remain in Go until they need to proliferate aka hepatocytes and renal cells
Three types of chronic bronchitis? although most pts have a mix of the three
simple (uncomplicated), asthmatic, and obstructive
major components of chronic bronchitis?
hypersecretion of mucous in large airway, goblet cell hypertrophy, clustering of pigmented alveolar macrophages, inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis of bronchial wall with hyperemia and swelling of mucous membrane
What are the different types of rhinitis?
viral, allergic (and fungal), and bacterial
What is allergic rhinitis mediated by? and what would you see in their blood work?
IgE mediated and an increase eosinophils and/or basophils
what could a chronic treatment resistance to rhinitis and sinusitis be caused by?
fungi
what is epiglottitis typically caused by?
H. influenza
what is sinusitis?
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
why is sinusitis bad?
short distance to the brain
3 types of laryngitis?
infectious, irritants and overuse
what is cylindrical bronchiectasis?
a large evenly dilated tube
what is saccular bronchiectasis?
when one portion of the tube is dilated
what is bronchiectasis?
abnormal dilated bronchi and bronchioles, filled with mucus and neutrophils; Inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial walls, fibrosis of alveoli.
three types of chronic bronchitis?
simple, asthmatic and obstructive
what is simple (uncomplicated) chronic bronchitis?
productive cough but no airway obstructions
what is asthmatic chronic bronchitis?
intermittent airway constrictions and wheezing
what is obstructive chronic bronchitis?
evidence of chronic airway obstruction
