Pathophysoilogy Flashcards
What is used for a urinalysis?
- USG, dipstick test, sediment exam
What does urine specific gravity measure?
- solute in urine
- hydration of the animal
- Normal range for a dog usually quoted as 1.025 – 1.045
What are abnormal constituents of urine?
- Glucose – should all be absorbed in the PCT
- Blood
- Protein
- Ketones – produced in large quantities in the blood
- Cells
How much urine should there be an output of?
1ml/kg/hr
What is Azotaemia?
increased concentration of nitrogenous waste products in blood
What are the main effects of reduced GFR/if it stops?
- increase in conc of urea and creatine
- increase in blood potassium
- increase in blood inorganic phosphate
- decrease in bicarbonate in the blood causing metabolic acidosis
What are the effects of dehydration on the body?
- increase ADH
- increase USG
- low blood volume
- low blood pressure
- vasoconstriction
How do prerenal factors affect kidney function?
Reduced blood supply to the kidney
- animal can conc urine
- hypovolaemia
How do renal factors affect kidney function?
- specific kidney problem
- GFR is reduced
- animal cannot conc urine
How do post renal factors affect kidney function?
Blockage of urine flow before the kidneys leading to leakage of urine into the animal
What are clinical signs of a diseased kidney?
- increased conc of urea and creatine
- increased conc of inorganic phosphate
- decrease in bicarbonate conc - metabolic acidosis
- either no urine or urine that is not concentrated
- disturbances to the conc of potassium ions
How might Hyperkalaemia occur?
- if an animal is eating and taking in potassium
- Acidosis - The homeostasis of pH trumps that of K+ and H + is pumped into the filtrate in exchange for K
