PathoPhysiologyExam Flashcards
CAD
Narrowing of the arteries supplying cardiac tissues with blood
MI
Infarct of cardiac tissue due to ischemia which is caused by blockage of coronary arteries
- Has 2 types
1. Stemi
2. Non-Stemi
CHF
Failure of the heart to contract and circulate blood to all body parts efficiently due to enlargement of the heart and congestion that is caused by fluid retention by the kidney.
RF-MI, HTN, CAD
Sx: SOB
Dx: CXR & BNP
A-Fib
Irregular beats due to malfunctioning of the nodes in the heart that generate an electrical pulse; atria quiver rapidly
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the sac surrounding the lungs
Costochondritis
Irritation of the ribs worsened by pressing on the Sternum
Pleural Effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the sac surrounding the lungs
Chest Wall Pain
Irritation of the Chest wall that worsens with palpation
Angina
Chest Pain
PE
Blood clot in pulmonary artery that blocks blood flow to the lung
PNA
Infection and inflammation of the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill with infiltrate, leading to SOB, CP, & coughs
PNX
Collapsing of the lungs due to trauma or spontaneous rupture of the lungs
COPD
Long term damage to the alveoli of lungs with smoking leading to mucous production, SOB, and inflammation
RAD
Constriction of the airways due to inflammation and bronchospasms
Wheezing & SOB*
Ischemic CVA
Brain Damage due to Ischemia resulting in weakness/numbness/speech and visual problems
Hemorrhagic VA /Brain Bleed
Brain bleed due to traumatic or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels in head; causing headache with a sudden onset
TIA
Transient brain damage due to hypoxia/inability of blood vessels to supply brain with enough o2
-damages are reversible
Meningitis
Inflammation and infection of the membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord; causing severe nuchal pain and stiffness along with a headache and AMS
Spinal Cord Injury
Trauma causing injury to the spinal cord results in nonfocal, bilateral damages to the areas controlled by the spinal cord
Szs
Abnormal electrical activity of brain that causes abnormal physical manifestations; often caused by febrile sz in pediatrics, epilepsy in adults, or EtOH withdrawals;
May lead to syncope & Postictal confusion, inury, LOC, headaches, nausea, HTN, incontinence
***is treated with keppra & depakote
Belll’s Palsy
Drooping of one side of the facial muscles due to damage to the Vagus nerve or infection by STD.
Cephalgia/HA
Various causes; HTN, hypoglycemia, meningitis, hemorrhagic CVA, Sz, sinusitis;
Can be pressure, throbbing, sharp pain
AMS
Decreased responsiveness of pt due to intoxication (drug, EtOH), infection (UTI specially in the elderly population), hypoglycemia, neurological malfunctionings (meningitis & dementia)
Syncope
Syncope or Near Syncope; Refers to loss of consciousness from temporary lack of blood circulation to the brain that could be triggered by hypovolemia, dehydration or rarely by cardiac and neurological problems.
Vertigo
Dizziness that maybe caused by inner ear problems or brain damage from CVA
Can be characterized with lack of balance, tinnitus, and worsened with head movement if problem is the inner ear
Can be tested with Romberg, HA nystagmus
Appendicitis
A disease of the RLQ in which infection and inflammation of the appendix may lead to rupture of the appendix and to the infection of the abd lining—
It is associated with McBurney’s point tenderness which is in RLQ
It worsens with movement, involves a constant pain that starts gradually and triggers loss of appetite
SBO
A disease of the peri-umbilical region of the abd, is defined as blockage of the small intestine and is associated with excruciating abd pain, gaurding, rebound, distention of the abd, Tympany, abnormal bowel sounds, and tenderness along with Vomiting and constipation.
It can be diagnosed with CAT PO contrast or with AAS.
Often found in eldery, infants, abd surgery postop pts, and pts with narcotic drug usage
Cholelithiasis
Gallbladder stones formed by crystalization of the bile produced by the liver; can cause irritation, inflammation and obstruction the gallbladder; worsens with eating fatty foods; taking deep breaths & palpation; pain is sharp
Is associated with Murphy’s Sign
*diagnosed with US
GI Bleed
Hemorrhages of the GI tract can lead to bleeding and cause anemia
Is characterized by Hematemesis, Melena, Coffee Ground Emesis & Hematochezia.
Is associated with lightheadedness, general weakness, abd pain, rectal pain, SOB, pallor, pale conjunctiva, and tachycardia
Diverticulitis
Inflammation and infection of small pockets in the large intestine that may form due to advanced age. is localized to LLQ.
Commonly causes N/V/D and can be diagnosed with CTA PO Contrast
Pancreatitis
A disease of the LUQ and epigastric area, described as inflammation of the pancreas that can be caused by cholecystitis, EtOH abuse, or intake of certain meds.
Can cause N/V and tenderness of LUQ & epigastric area
and can be diagnosed with elevated lipase levels.
GERD
Burning of the epigastric area caused by regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus;
can be diagnosed clinically and treated with GI cocktail that neutralizes the acid as a base.
C. Diff Collitis
Bacterial infection of the GI tract that cause diarrhea
Gastroenteritis
Viral or bacterial infection of the GI tract that cause v/d; commonly known as GI bug
Croh’s disease
an IBD that causes diarrhea and abd pain due to immune attack
IBS
Irritation of the bowls that cause diarrhea
Gastritis
Irritated Stomach with vomiting (stomach-ache)
4 GI disorders causing diarrhea
- C-Diff. Collitis
- Crohn’s disease
- IBS
- Gastroenteritis-GI bug
((((Gastitis causes vomiting not diarrhea)
UTI
Infection of the urinary tract causing urgency, frequency in urinating malodorous urine along with dysuria;
Often in the elderly population; diagnosed with urine dip or urinalysis and with tenderness of the suprapubic region.
Pyelonephritis
Infection of the kidney with pain in the flank areas, fever, N/V.
Population experiencing frequent UTI is more vulnerable to developing Pyelo.
Is diagnosed with Pel/abd CT without contrast and confirmed with CVA tenderness.
Renal Calculi
CVA tenderness; irritation and bleeding of the ureter causing hematuria, N/V, sudden sharp pain radiating to the groin area and inability to urinate.
Dianosis can be done with either a CT of Abd/Pel without contrast or with RBC of UA
Ectopic Pregnancy
Development of fertilized egg in the fallopian tube; may cause death if not detected and tube ruptures;
Characterized by vaginal bleeding and lower abd pain.
Diagnosed with US of Pelvis.
Ovarian Torsion
Twisting of ovarian artery that may cause ovarian infarct by reducing blood flow to the ovary; is characterized by pain and tenderness in the adnexal region (LLQ & RLQ) and can be diagnosed with US Pel
Testicular Torsion
Twisting of spermatic cord resulting in infarct of testicles due to reduced blood flow to the scrotum; is characterized by swelling and tenderness of the testicles and can be dx with US scrotum
Back Pain
often in the lumbar region causes sharp shooting pain in the lower extremity (sciatica) but no LE weakness; is often caused by trauma and can be concerning about damage to the spinal cord
Extremity Injury
May cause pain and swelling; need to check for CSMT intact, no tendon/ligament laxity; and limited ROM secondary to pain
AAA
Condition with widened, weakened artery that is in risk of rupture; is characterized with pulsating abd mass, abd bruit, hypotension, unequal femoral pulses; can be diagnosed with CT AP with IV contrast
Aortic Dissection
Is described as separation of the chest muscle from the aortic membrane, putting it at risk of rupture;
It can be diagnosed with CT A/P with IV contrast and often causes severe chest pain piercing straight to the back.
Is also characterized with unequal radial or brachial pulses & hypotension.
DVT
Blood clot in the LE as a result of slow moving blood in the long, straight veins of the LE; is associated with extreme pain and swelling; tenderness of the calves, homan’s sign; and can be diagnosed with US of LE.
Cellulitis
Infection of the skin leading to its hardening, erethema, pain, edema, and induration and callor; is diagnosed clinically and treated with abx
Abcess
Cellulitis with fluctuance; is characterized with fluctuance, induration, and purulent discharge; abscess is drained with I&D;
Rash Types
- Urticaria (hives)
- Macules (flat)
- Papules (raised bumps)
- Vesicles (small blisters)
- Blanching (not dangerous)
- Petechaie (Dangerous rash)
- Purpura (dangerous Rash)
Allergies
Localized or general bodily reactions to substances that it comes into contact with/ associated with rashes (Urticaria), itching, swelling (Edema & Angioedema), SOB
DKA
It’s a condition where shortage of insulin leads to hyperglycemia and formation of ketones; it is characterized by a fuity smelling breath, DMM, persistent vomiting, polydipsia, polyuria, SOB, and tachypnea.
It can diagnosed with ABG or VBG levels that detect blood pH or acidosis or with positive serum ketones.
Trauma (Physical Injury)
Can be characterized by MVA, fall, GSW; physically examined with GSC; diagnosed with CT or XR depending on MOI
Make note of LOC, headache, confusion, numbness, weakness, back/neck pain; or of SOB, CP, and Abd pain which can indicate injury to the internal organs.
