Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine Pathophysiology > Pathophysiology of the Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of the Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

what secretes growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what stimulates the hypothalamus to produce growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is growth hormone important for?

A

glucose homeostasis
lipolysis
insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is primary hypopituitarism?

A

deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two forms of primary hypopituitarism?

A

congenital: pituitary dwarfism
acquired: adult-onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who is primary hypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism) most common in?

A

German Shepherds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

can primary hypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism) be seen with other pituitary hormone deficiencies, including ACTH?

A

yes, but not with ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the causes of primary hypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism)?

A

cystic dilation of rathke’s pouch
developmental failure of trophic cells
pituitary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the presentation of primary hypopituitarism?

A

failures of normal growth
clinically can mimic congenital hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the clinical signs of primary hypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism)?

A

dwarfing/short stature
abnormal haircoat
infantile genitalia
delayed closure of growth plates
delayed dentition
mental dullness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some useful diagnostic aids for pituitary dwarfism?

A

comparison of height with littermates
radiographs of open epiphyseal lines
thyroid function tests
skin biopsy (mostly to rule out other causes of alopecia)
serum determination of: growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (a lot of labs do not measure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the laboratory findings of pituitary dwarfism?

A

usually pretty normal: things associated with being a tiny puppy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can cause primary hypopituitarism (adult-onset hypopituitarism)?

A

non-functional pituitary or other brain tumors
inflammation, thrombosis, trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the clinical signs of primary hypopituitarism (adult-onset hypopituitarism)?

A

neurologic abnormalities
those of ADH, TSH, or ACTH deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pituitary dwarfism is familial in which dog breed?

A

german shepherds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can cause adult-onset hyperpituitarism?

A

functional micro or macroadenoma
pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the causes of hyperpituitarism in dogs?

A

other growth hormone-producing tumors: mammary, progesterone therapy, primary hypothyroidism
functional pituitary tumor (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the etiology of hyperpituitarism in cats?

A

growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

who is most likely to get hyperpituitarism?

A

middle-aged to older animals
dogs: primarily females
cats: primarily males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the pathophysiology of hyperpituitarism due to?

A

excessive growth hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyperpituitarism?

A

prominent skin folds of face and neck
blunt, broad head
enlarged chin, forehead, limbs, feet
enlarged interdental spaces
abdominal enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what organ enlargement does hyperpituitarism cause?

A

hepatomegaly
renomegaly
cardiomegaly
respiratory stridor: increase in upper airway soft tissue, macroglossia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a complication of hyperpituitarism?

A

diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how can you diagnose acromegaly?

A

no singe diagnostic test: clinical signs associated with poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus
laboratory measurement of IGF-1
CT/MRI imaging of the pituitary gland

25
Q

what are the two types of central diabetes insipidus?

A

absolute
partial

26
Q

what happens with complete central diabetes insipidus?

A

persistent hyposthenuria and severe diuresis despite dehydration

27
Q

what are the etiologies of central diabetes insipidus?

A

congenital
infection
trauma
neoplasia
idiopathic: most common

28
Q

what is the etiology of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

impaired responsiveness of the nephron to ADH: primary and secondary

29
Q

what are the clinical signs of diabetes insipidus?

A

severe polyuria/polydipsia
dehydration
neurologic signs

30
Q

what are the laboratory findings of diabetes insipidus?

A

increased serum osmolality
decreased urine osmolality
hyposthenuria
inadequate water intake
water deprivation test
ADH-response test

31
Q

what are some laboratory abnormalities associated with inadequate water intake?

A

azotemia
hypernatremia
hyperproteinemia
erythrocytosis

32
Q

how is an ADH-response test performed?

A

urine specific gravity is determined at the start of the test
desmopressin acetate administered
bladder emptied after 2 hours
urine specific gravity measured at set intervals
expect increased USG if responsive to ADH

33
Q

what can cause inappropriate release of ADH in absence of normal stimuli?

A

cerebral diseases
pulmonary diseases
idiopathic
drug idiosyncrasies

34
Q

what happens in syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion with decreased free water excretion?

A

volume expansion
hyponatremia
hypoosmolality

35
Q

what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone
prolactin
ACTH
thyrotropin stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
melanocyte stimulating hormone
POMC

36
Q

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

37
Q

what does growth hormone do?

A

adipose: increases lipolysis and decreases glucose uptake
liver (increases IGF-1): increases gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (kidneys), decreases glucose uptake
muscle: increases glycogenolysis, decreases glucose uptake
pancreas: increases insulin secretion

38
Q

primary hypopituitarism can clinically mimic _________________________

A

congenital hypothyroidism

39
Q

what are some laboratory abnormalities associated with primary hypothyroidism/pituitary dwarfism?

A

mild anemia, hypophosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia
azotemia due to decreased GFR
hypercholesterolemia due to secondary hypothyroidism

40
Q

what is acromegaly from?

A

from hyperpituitarism

41
Q

which breed of cat is most likely to have hyperpituitarism?

A

domestic shorthairs

42
Q

what mediates growth hormone’s effects on tissues?

A

insulin-like growth factor-1

43
Q

what are the anabolic effects of excessive growth hormone on tissues?

A

overgrowth of connective tissue, bone, viscera

44
Q

what are the metabolic effects of excessive growth hormone on tissues?

A

effects on glucose and insulin regulation

45
Q

how does hyperpituitarism lead to diabetes mellitus?

A

excess growth hormones results in downregulation of insulin receptors and resistance to the action of insulin at the target cell level

46
Q

what are the chemistry abnormalities associated with hyperpituitarism?

A

hyperglycemia
hypercholesterolemia
hyperproteinemia
hyperphosphatemia

47
Q

what are the CBC abnormalities associated with hyperpituitarism?

A

erythrocytosis

48
Q

what are the urinalysis abnormalities associated with hyperpituitarism?

A

glucosuria

49
Q

how can we diagnose hyperpituitarism?

A

complicated: no single diagnostic test, looks similar to type 2 diabetes
laboratory measurement of IGF-1: usually elevated, repeat in 3-6 months
CT/MRI of the pituitary gland

50
Q

what happens with partial central diabetes insipidus?

A

persistent hyposthenuria and severe diuresis as long as the animal has access to water

51
Q

what is the most common cause of central diabetes insipidus?

A

idiopathic

52
Q

what causes primary impaired responsiveness of the nephron to ADH?

A

congenital

53
Q

what causes secondary impaired responsiveness of the nephron to ADH?

A

hyperadrenocorticism
hypercalcemia
therapy with outdated tetracyclines
endotoxemia
pyelonephritis

54
Q

why do animals with diabetes insipidus have neurologic signs?

A

pituitary tumor
electrolyte abnormalities

55
Q

what are the laboratory findings associated with inadequate water intake with diabetes insipidus?

A

azotemia
hypernatremia
hyperproteinemia
erythrocytosis

56
Q

what are the differential diagnoses for polyuria/polydipsia?

A

diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
drugs
hyperadrenocorticism
hypoadrenocorticism
hypercalcemia
hypertension
hyperthyroidism
hyperviscosity
hypokalemia
liver disease
pyelonephritis
pyometra
renal failure
psychogenic

57
Q

what is syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?

A

inappropriate release of ADH in absence of normal stimuli: too much ADH

58
Q

what can cause syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?

A

cerebral diseases
pulmonary diseases
idiopathic
drug idiosyncrasies

59
Q

what are the neurologic clinical signs of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion from?

A

neuronal sensitivity for electrolyte abnormalities: swelling
brain tumor

Endocrine Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions