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Reproduction Exam 1 > Pathophysiology of Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in the ovaries?

A

Site of ovum/egg production and release

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2
Q

What happens in the uterine or Fallopian tubes?

A

Transport and site of fertilization for ovum

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3
Q

What happens in the uterus?

A

Site of implantation and growth of developing embryo

Fundus, body and cervix

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4
Q

What happen in the vagina?

A

Site of delivery of sperm

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5
Q

Puberty in Females

A

8: hypothalamus releases GnRH which leads to production of LH and FSH which causes growth of ovaries and follicles and induces the first menarche
Ovaries also start secreting estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

Estrogen is responsible for?

A

secondary sex characteristics (enlargement of breast, fat and skin changes)

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7
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Increased FSH and LH leading to maturation of follicles (ultimately just one)
Granulosa and theca cells cause a high concentration of estrogen

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8
Q

Positive Feedback Effect

A

Estrogen increases the amount of LH and LH increases the amount of estrogen

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9
Q

Surge of LH leads to?

A

Ovulation

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10
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Mid-cycle surge of LH stimulates follicular rupture and ovulation
Ovum is picked up by the fimbriae at the end of the uterine tubes and carried to the fallopian tubes

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11
Q

Why does the follicule rupture?

A

Because the LH and FSH cause rapid swelling due to increased fluid accumulation

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12
Q

Luteal phase if pregnant

A

Corpus luteum forms via lutenization (needs LH) which secretes progesterone
hCG maintains the corpus luteum and keeps the progesterone secretion

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13
Q

Luteal phase in the absence of pregnancy

A

The LH levels drop and the corpus luteum cannot survive

It becomes scar tissue and leads to NO estrogen or progesterone leading to menstruation

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14
Q

Estrogen and progesterone do what when secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Feedback inhibit AP and decrease FSH and LH secretion

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15
Q

Another hormone released by the corpus luteum?

A

Inhibin

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16
Q

What does Inhibin do?

A

Further decreases FSH

17
Q

Low levels of FSH and LH leads to?

A

Involution of the corpus luteum

18
Q

So what happens when there is no more estrogen, progesterone, and corpus luteum?

A

Feedback inhibition disappears and FSH and LH will begin and the initiate of the growth of new follicles

19
Q

What is the most potent estrogen?

A

Beta estradiol from testosterone/androstenedione

20
Q

What enzyme helps form estrogens?

A

Aromatase

FSH and LH increase the activity and import of cholesterol

21
Q

Estrogen function

A

PROLIFERATION
Increase the size of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
Growth of the breast and milk-apparatus
Early uniting of opiphyses

22
Q

What is a function of estrogen that causes problems in menopausal women?

A

It inhibits osteoclast and stimulate bone growth and since menopausal women have decreased or no estrogen this doesn’t occur

23
Q

Progesterone functions

A

SECRETION
Promotes changes in secretion in the uterus and decrease uterine contractions
Promotes increased secretion in the fallopian tubes
Causes alveolar cells of the breast to become secretory

24
Q

Monthly Cycle Phases

A

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menses

25
Q

Proliferative phase is otherwise known as?

A

Estrogen phase or Follicular phase & occurs BEFORE ovulation

PROLIFERATION

26
Q

Secretory phase otherwise known as?

A

Progestational phase or Luteal phase & occurs AFTER ovulation
SECRETORY

27
Q

Menstruation

A

Not fertilized –> involution of CL –> decreased E and P –> menstration
Vasospasms of spiral arteries –> decreased nutrient supply –> necrosis of endothelium and blood vessels –> hemorrhage and desquammation
Uterine contractions help get it all out

28
Q

GnRH, LH, FSH receptors

A

Cell surface receptors or G protein coupled receptors which act via 2nd messengers

29
Q

E & P receptors

A

Hormone receptors lead to transcription of certain genes

30
Q

Estrogen + Fallopian tubes?

A

Ciliation –> facilitates transport of ovum

31
Q

Progesterone + Fallopian tubes?

A

Nutritional secretions

32
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of menses

Ovaries don’t respond to LH and FSH so no production of E & P –> no feedback inhibition of LH and FSH

Reproduction Exam 1 (5 decks)

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