Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis

Question 1

exogenous generation

Answer 1

dietary lipids are emulsified with bile acids so they care be transported by chylomicrons

Question 2

endogenous generation

Answer 2

Liver secretes VLDL which is converted to IDL which is converted to LDL

Question 3

Uses for lipids

Answer 3

• A source of energy in skeletal muscle
• A source of storage in adipose tissue
• Support cell membrane structure
• A precursor to steroid hormone synthesis

Question 4

cholesterol equation

Answer 4

Total cholesterol = LDL + HDL + (TG ÷ 5)

Question 5

desirable total cholesterol

Answer 5

< 200

Question 6

high total cholesterol

Answer 6

> 240

Question 7

desirable LDL

Answer 7

< 100

Question 8

high LDL

Answer 8

160-189

Question 9

very high LDL

Answer 9

> 190

Question 10

desirable TG

Answer 10

< 150

Question 11

high TG

Answer 11

200-499

Question 12

very high TG

Answer 12

> 500

Question 13

low HDL

Answer 13

< 40

Question 14

high HDL

Answer 14

> 60

Question 15

the features of familial hypercholesterolemia

Answer 15

• xanthomas
• extreme LDL elevations and presents early in life
• Autosomal dominant disorder
• Patients develop early vascular disease
• Often related to a defect with LDL binding to the LDL receptor for clearance

Question 16

Drugs that cause High total cholesterol and LDL

Answer 16

Clubbing is the best place; getting more perfect selfies.

• cyclosporine
• isotretinoin
• thiazide diuretics
• beta-blockers
• protease inhibitors
• glucocorticoids
• mirtazapine
• Progestins
• sirolimus

Question 17

Drugs that cause High TG

Answer 17

I B MAS BIG TEA

• Isotretinoin
• beta blockers
• mirtazapine
• Alcohol
• sirolimus
• bile-acid sequestrants
• interferons
• glucocorticoids
• thiazides
• Estrogens
• anabolic steroids

Question 18

Drugs that cause Low HDL

Answer 18

PAIN

• progestins
• anabolic steroids
• isotretinoin
• non-ISA beta blockers

Question 19

atherosclerosis

Answer 19

a physical change in arterial vessels that impairs proper blood flow and limits oxygen to vital organs causing ischemia

Question 20

What does plaques consists of?

Answer 20

• lipids
• inflammatory cells
• smooth muscle cells
• connective tissues

Question 21

ASCVD

Answer 21

• Coronary arterial disease (CAD)
• acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
• myocardial infarction (MI)
• Cerebrovascular disease or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Question 22

risk factors included in the Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment Equation

Answer 22

• Sex
• Age
• Race
• Diabetes
• HTN and BP
• Smoking
• Total and HDL cholesterol

Question 23

What is the threshold a person’s risk of developing atherosclerotic disease is considered “high” based on the Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment Equation?

Answer 23

7.5%

Question 24

What are the criteria for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 24

In order to be considered to have metabolic syndrome, must meet 3 or the 5 risk factors:

• Central obesity (waist circumference: women > 88 cm or men > 102 cm)
• Elevated TG > 150 mg/dL
• Low HDL (< 40 mg/dL)
• Hypertension
• Elevated fasting glucose (> 100 mg/dL)