Pathophysiology of CNS - Rochet Flashcards
1
Q
What structures are found in the hindbrain?
A
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
2
Q
What structures are found in the midbrain?
A
Substantia nigra
3
Q
What structures are found in the forebrain?
A
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
4
Q
What structures are found in the basal ganglia?
A
Striatum
Globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
5
Q
What structure are part of the limbic system?
A
Hipocampus
Amygdala
6
Q
What structures are part of the diencephalon?
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
7
Q
What does the medulla do?
A
- Respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes
- Reticular system (arousal, wakefulness)
8
Q
What does the pons do?
A
Relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum
9
Q
What does the cerebellum do?
A
-Motor coordination (smooth movements)
10
Q
What structures are part of the brain stem?
A
Medulla
Pons
11
Q
What does the cerebellum look like?
A
A little brain (two lobes)
12
Q
What is a sagittal section?
A
Cut between the eyes
13
Q
What are the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta do?
A
- INPUT to the basal ganglia
- Voluntary motor control, some cognitivie functions
- Neurodegeneration in PD
14
Q
The SN pars compacta provides input to the basal ganglia by supplying _______ to the _____
A
dopamine to the striatum
15
Q
What does the SN pars reticulata do?
A
OUTPUT: signals from basal ganglia to the thalamus
16
Q
What does the cortex do?
A
Process and interpret info
17
Q
What does the basal ganglia do?
A
Voluntary motor control
Cognitive functions
18
Q
What does the amygdala do?
A
Emotions
19
Q
What does the hippocampus do?
A
Memory
20
Q
What does the thalamus do?
A
Relay station–to and from the cortex
21
Q
What does the hypothalamus do?
A
Regulate homeostasis
Emotions
Hormonal control
Neural regulation
22
Q
Where is the amygdala located?
A
The base of the hippocampus
23
Q
Decisions are made in _____ loops about how to act on information
A
cortico-thalamic loops
24
Q
Schizophrenia is a disease of the _____
A
frontal cortex
25
Efferent/afferent neuron tracts transmit signals from the cortex to the periphery?
Efferent
26
Efferent/afferent neuron tracts transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex?
Afferent
27
What is the hierarchy of information processing in CNS?
Spinal cord --> hindbrain/cerebellum --> midbrain --> forebrain
28
The brain is surrounded by layers of membrane called _____
Meninges
29
What are the three meninges layers?
Dura
Pia
Arachnoid
30
What is the outer layer of the meninges?
Dura
31
What is the middle layer of the meninges?
Arachnoid
32
What is the inner layer of the meninges?
Pia
33
What fills the space in b/w arachnoid and pia?
CSF
34
Which layer of the meninges contains blood vessels?
Arachnoid
35
What is a tumor of the meninges called?
Meningeoma
36
What is the artery that enters the brain called?
Internal carotid artery
37
What 4 arteries does the internal carotid artery branch into?
Anterior Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
Posterior communicating
Opthalmic
38
Migraine involves _____ of cerebral arteries
Dilation
39
What are the glial cell types?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
40
What do astrocytes do?
- Provide growth factors and antioxidants
- Remove glutamate
- Support BBB
41
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Produce myelin sheath
42
What do microglia do?
Provide growth factors
Clear debris (phagocytosis)
Neuroinflammation (play a role)
43
What percent of brain cells are glial cells?
80%
44
Which of the glial cell types is responsible for neurinflammation?
Microglia
45
Which of the glial cells provide growth factors?
Microglia and astrocytes
46
Endothelial cells in the BBB are connected by ____
tight junctions
47
What properties of molecules can get through the BBB?
Non-polar
| <500 Daltons
48
A resting cell is positive/negative inside?
negative
49
What is a cell body called?
Soma
50
What are nodes of ranvier?
Gaps in myelin sheath where the AP can be re-initiated
51
Normal resting potential is about ___?
-80 mV
52
How long does an AP last?
0.2-0.5ms
53
Larger diameters have faster/slower rates?
Faster
54
T/F: Action potentials for a single neuron always have the same magnitutde
True
55
The current in a nerve fiber is greater as a result of ____
summation
56
What is a nerve fiber?
Bundle of axons
57
What are EPSPs?
Excitatory post-synaptic potential
58
Excitatory neurotransmitters act on __- receptors and allow ____ to cross the membrane
ionotropic
| Na+ ions
59
An increase in strength of stimulus will increase _____ but not _____
magnitude of depolarization but not magnitude of action potential
60
Does an EPSP always trigger an AP?
no-- can bring cell closer to threshold so the next EPSP causes AP
61
Whta are IPSPs?
inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
62
Inhibitory neurotransmitters induce ____ by allowing ___ to cross membrane
Hyperpolarization
| Cl-
63
Usually drugs in the CNS modify ____
synaptic neurotransmission
64
What are common aa neurotransmitters?
GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
65
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
66
GABA caues influx of ___
Cl-
67
What are the 2 GABA receptors?
A and B
68
What drug classes interact with GABA pathways?
Sedative hypnotics (benzodiazepines, barbiturates)
anticonvulsants
Anxiolytics
69
Which of the GABA receptors is inotropic and which is GPCR?
A - inotropic
| B - GPCR
70
Is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?
Excitatory
71
Glutamate causes ___ to enter cell?
Calcium
72
What disease are caused by GABA?
Epilepsy
Spasticity
addiction/alcohol
73
What is glycine?
NT similar to GABA--but in spinal cord
74
What does excess glutamate cause?
Damage to neuron
75
What disease does excess glutamate cause?
Epilepsy
| Schizophrenia
76
What are the metabotropic glutamate receptors?
GPCRs - mGluR
77
What are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?
NMDA, AMPA (ion channels)
78
What are the non-amino acid NTs?
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin (5-HT)
79
Acetylcholine receptors are ___ and ___?
Muscarinic, nicotinic
80
Where is acetylcholine found?
Basal forebrain, pons, cortex, basal ganglia
81
What does acetylcholine cause?
Cognitive function/decline
Nicotine dependence
Movement disorders
82
Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
83
Where does glutamate work?
All over the brain
84
Where does GABA work?
All over the brain
85
What disease does dopamine contribute to?
```
Schizophrenia
Parkinson's disease
Depression
Addiction
ADHD
```
86
Where is dopamine found?
Midbrain (SN, VTA)
87
Dopamine neurons arise from __ and ____
Ventral tegmental area, SN
88
Blocking DAT causes what?
Increased dopamine (no reuptake) which causes addiction/euphoria
89
PD is caused by ___ of DA
loss
90
Schizophrenia is caused by ___ dopamine
excessive
91
What drugs interact with DA pathways?
Antipsychotics (D2 antagonists)
| D2/D2, and D1 agonists (for PD)
92
What type of receptors are all dopamine receptors?
GPCR
93
Norepinephrine targets what receptors?
alpha and Beta adrenergic
94
What is NET?
Norepinephrine transporter (drug target)
95
Where does norepinephrine work in the brain?
Pons
96
What diseases is NE involved with?
Memory
Depression
Addiction
Pain
97
NET inhibitors are used to treat___
depression
98
Serotinin is involved with what disease?
Depression
Mood disorders/anxiety
Schizophrenia
99
What are drug targets for serotoinin?
Receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT)
100
Which of the serotonin receptors is NOT GPCR? What is it?
5-HT3 - ion channel
101
Where does serotonin work?
Midbrain/pons
102
5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies in the brain stem called the ______
raphe nuclei
103
Serotonin systems are involved in what 4 normal things?
- Sleep
- Vigilance
- Mood
- Sexual function
104
SERT inhibitors are used to treat what?
Depression
105
5-HT2A agonists are ___
Hallucinogenic
106
5-HT2A antagonists are used as _____
atypical antipsychotics
107
______ is used to treat migraine
5-HT1D agonists
