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Pharmacotherapy III > Pathophysiology of CNS - Rochet > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of CNS - Rochet Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are found in the hindbrain?

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What structures are found in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

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3
Q

What structures are found in the forebrain?

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon

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4
Q

What structures are found in the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum
Globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus

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5
Q

What structure are part of the limbic system?

A

Hipocampus

Amygdala

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6
Q

What structures are part of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What does the medulla do?

A
  • Respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes
  • Reticular system (arousal, wakefulness)
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8
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum

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9
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

-Motor coordination (smooth movements)

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10
Q

What structures are part of the brain stem?

A

Medulla

Pons

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11
Q

What does the cerebellum look like?

A

A little brain (two lobes)

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12
Q

What is a sagittal section?

A

Cut between the eyes

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13
Q

What are the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta do?

A
  • INPUT to the basal ganglia
  • Voluntary motor control, some cognitivie functions
  • Neurodegeneration in PD
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14
Q

The SN pars compacta provides input to the basal ganglia by supplying _______ to the _____

A

dopamine to the striatum

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15
Q

What does the SN pars reticulata do?

A

OUTPUT: signals from basal ganglia to the thalamus

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16
Q

What does the cortex do?

A

Process and interpret info

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17
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Voluntary motor control

Cognitive functions

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18
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Emotions

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19
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Memory

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20
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relay station–to and from the cortex

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulate homeostasis
Emotions
Hormonal control
Neural regulation

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22
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

The base of the hippocampus

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23
Q

Decisions are made in _____ loops about how to act on information

A

cortico-thalamic loops

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24
Q

Schizophrenia is a disease of the _____

A

frontal cortex

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25
Q

Efferent/afferent neuron tracts transmit signals from the cortex to the periphery?

A

Efferent

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26
Q

Efferent/afferent neuron tracts transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex?

A

Afferent

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27
Q

What is the hierarchy of information processing in CNS?

A

Spinal cord –> hindbrain/cerebellum –> midbrain –> forebrain

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28
Q

The brain is surrounded by layers of membrane called _____

A

Meninges

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29
Q

What are the three meninges layers?

A

Dura
Pia
Arachnoid

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30
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges?

A

Dura

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31
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid

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32
Q

What is the inner layer of the meninges?

A

Pia

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33
Q

What fills the space in b/w arachnoid and pia?

A

CSF

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34
Q

Which layer of the meninges contains blood vessels?

A

Arachnoid

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35
Q

What is a tumor of the meninges called?

A

Meningeoma

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36
Q

What is the artery that enters the brain called?

A

Internal carotid artery

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37
Q

What 4 arteries does the internal carotid artery branch into?

A

Anterior Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
Posterior communicating
Opthalmic

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38
Q

Migraine involves _____ of cerebral arteries

A

Dilation

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39
Q

What are the glial cell types?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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40
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A
  • Provide growth factors and antioxidants
  • Remove glutamate
  • Support BBB
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41
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Produce myelin sheath

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42
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Provide growth factors
Clear debris (phagocytosis)
Neuroinflammation (play a role)

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43
Q

What percent of brain cells are glial cells?

A

80%

44
Q

Which of the glial cell types is responsible for neurinflammation?

A

Microglia

45
Q

Which of the glial cells provide growth factors?

A

Microglia and astrocytes

46
Q

Endothelial cells in the BBB are connected by ____

A

tight junctions

47
Q

What properties of molecules can get through the BBB?

A

Non-polar

<500 Daltons

48
Q

A resting cell is positive/negative inside?

A

negative

49
Q

What is a cell body called?

A

Soma

50
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps in myelin sheath where the AP can be re-initiated

51
Q

Normal resting potential is about ___?

A

-80 mV

52
Q

How long does an AP last?

A

0.2-0.5ms

53
Q

Larger diameters have faster/slower rates?

A

Faster

54
Q

T/F: Action potentials for a single neuron always have the same magnitutde

A

True

55
Q

The current in a nerve fiber is greater as a result of ____

A

summation

56
Q

What is a nerve fiber?

A

Bundle of axons

57
Q

What are EPSPs?

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

58
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters act on __- receptors and allow ____ to cross the membrane

A

ionotropic

Na+ ions

59
Q

An increase in strength of stimulus will increase _____ but not _____

A

magnitude of depolarization but not magnitude of action potential

60
Q

Does an EPSP always trigger an AP?

A

no– can bring cell closer to threshold so the next EPSP causes AP

61
Q

Whta are IPSPs?

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

62
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters induce ____ by allowing ___ to cross membrane

A

Hyperpolarization

Cl-

63
Q

Usually drugs in the CNS modify ____

A

synaptic neurotransmission

64
Q

What are common aa neurotransmitters?

A

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine

65
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

66
Q

GABA caues influx of ___

A

Cl-

67
Q

What are the 2 GABA receptors?

A

A and B

68
Q

What drug classes interact with GABA pathways?

A

Sedative hypnotics (benzodiazepines, barbiturates)
anticonvulsants
Anxiolytics

69
Q

Which of the GABA receptors is inotropic and which is GPCR?

A

A - inotropic

B - GPCR

70
Q

Is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Excitatory

71
Q

Glutamate causes ___ to enter cell?

A

Calcium

72
Q

What disease are caused by GABA?

A

Epilepsy
Spasticity
addiction/alcohol

73
Q

What is glycine?

A

NT similar to GABA–but in spinal cord

74
Q

What does excess glutamate cause?

A

Damage to neuron

75
Q

What disease does excess glutamate cause?

A

Epilepsy

Schizophrenia

76
Q

What are the metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A

GPCRs - mGluR

77
Q

What are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA (ion channels)

78
Q

What are the non-amino acid NTs?

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin (5-HT)

79
Q

Acetylcholine receptors are ___ and ___?

A

Muscarinic, nicotinic

80
Q

Where is acetylcholine found?

A

Basal forebrain, pons, cortex, basal ganglia

81
Q

What does acetylcholine cause?

A

Cognitive function/decline
Nicotine dependence
Movement disorders

82
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

83
Q

Where does glutamate work?

A

All over the brain

84
Q

Where does GABA work?

A

All over the brain

85
Q

What disease does dopamine contribute to?

A 
Schizophrenia
Parkinson's disease
Depression
Addiction
ADHD
86
Q

Where is dopamine found?

A

Midbrain (SN, VTA)

87
Q

Dopamine neurons arise from __ and ____

A

Ventral tegmental area, SN

88
Q

Blocking DAT causes what?

A

Increased dopamine (no reuptake) which causes addiction/euphoria

89
Q

PD is caused by ___ of DA

A

loss

90
Q

Schizophrenia is caused by ___ dopamine

A

excessive

91
Q

What drugs interact with DA pathways?

A

Antipsychotics (D2 antagonists)

D2/D2, and D1 agonists (for PD)

92
Q

What type of receptors are all dopamine receptors?

A

GPCR

93
Q

Norepinephrine targets what receptors?

A

alpha and Beta adrenergic

94
Q

What is NET?

A

Norepinephrine transporter (drug target)

95
Q

Where does norepinephrine work in the brain?

A

Pons

96
Q

What diseases is NE involved with?

A

Memory
Depression
Addiction
Pain

97
Q

NET inhibitors are used to treat___

A

depression

98
Q

Serotinin is involved with what disease?

A

Depression
Mood disorders/anxiety
Schizophrenia

99
Q

What are drug targets for serotoinin?

A

Receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT)

100
Q

Which of the serotonin receptors is NOT GPCR? What is it?

A

5-HT3 - ion channel

101
Q

Where does serotonin work?

A

Midbrain/pons

102
Q

5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies in the brain stem called the ______

A

raphe nuclei

103
Q

Serotonin systems are involved in what 4 normal things?

A
  • Sleep
  • Vigilance
  • Mood
  • Sexual function
104
Q

SERT inhibitors are used to treat what?

A

Depression

105
Q

5-HT2A agonists are ___

A

Hallucinogenic

106
Q

5-HT2A antagonists are used as _____

A

atypical antipsychotics

107
Q

______ is used to treat migraine

A

5-HT1D agonists

Pharmacotherapy III (12 decks)

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