Pathophysiology I

Question 1

Intracellular (ICF):

Answer 1

Inside cells

Question 2

Extracellular (ECF):

Answer 2

Outside cells

Question 3

Interstitial:

Answer 3

Fluid between the cells and vessels

Question 4

Intravascular:

Answer 4

Fluid inside vessels, which is mostly plasma

Question 5

Atrophy:

Answer 5

Decreases in cell size secondary to a decreased workload

Question 6

Increase in cell size secondary to increased workload:

Answer 6

Hypertrophy

Question 7

Increase in cell number secondary to increased workload:

Answer 7

Hyperplasia

Question 8

Metaplasia:

Answer 8

Replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells

Question 9

Cells change in appearance, size or shape because they hace been exposed to an external stressor:

Answer 9

Dysplasia

Question 10

Neoplasia:

Answer 10

The new and abnormal development of cells

Question 11

What is cellular death:

Answer 11

Occurs when cells no longer adapt to the agents that have injured them

Question 12

Localized tissue death that occurs when disease or injury causes cells to swell and rupture:

Answer 12

Necrosis

Question 13

A form of necrosis that occurs over a wide area:

Answer 13

Gangrene

Question 14

A protective localized reaction in which injured cells are destroyed and removed from the body:

Answer 14

Apoptosis (cellular sucidie)

Question 15

Volume precentage of cells (predominantly RBC’s) within a sample of whole blood:

Answer 15

Hematocrit

Question 16

Hemoglobin:

Answer 16

A protein in RBC’s that contains iron and transports oxygen

Question 17

The resistance to flow caused by the interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid:

Answer 17

Viscosity

Question 18

Low H/H:

Answer 18

Blood is too thin and has too few cells; anemia symptoms

Question 19

High H/H:

Answer 19

Blood is too viscous (thick); increases risk for strokes, blood clots, etc.

Question 20

Substances whose molecules dissociate (break up) into electrically charge particles (ions) when dissolved in water:

Answer 20

Electrolytes

Question 21

Maintains blood volume and pressure; maintains osmotic balance in ECF:

Answer 21

Sodium (NA+)

Question 22

Works closely with sodium to maintain water balance:

Answer 22

Chloride (Cl-)

Question 23

Maintains osmotic balance in ICF; helps with the transmission of electrical impulses:

Answer 23

Potassium (K+)

Question 24

The difference in the concentration of molecules or particles on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane (more molecules/solutes/particles on one side than the other):

Answer 24

Osmotic gradient

Question 25

Water is moving from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration:

Answer 25

Osmosis

Question 26

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration:

Answer 26

Diffusion

Question 27

The movement of particles/solutes in the opposite direction, from an area of lower concentration to an area of high concentratoin:

Answer 27

Active transport

Question 28

A substance dissolved in water, which can diffuse through a semipermeable membrane.

Answer 28

Crystalloid

Question 29

Solutions contain large molecules (usually proteins or large sugar molecules) that are too large to diffuse through semipermeable membranes:

Answer 29

Colloid

Question 30

Any condition that lowers body pH increased carbonic acid, more H ions and/or less bicarbonate base:

Answer 30

Acidosis

Question 31

Any condition that raises body pH less carbonic acid, fewer H ions and/or more bicarbonate base:

Answer 31

Alkalosis

Question 32

A combination of systems that controls the hydrogen ion concentration by absorbing hydrogen ions in the presence of scidosis and releasing hydrogen ions in the presence of alkalinity:

Answer 32

Buffer system

Question 33

Fastest of all buffer systems, the major buffer in ECF; this system can correct acidosis and alkalosis, but its primary role is to combine acids with bicarbonate ions:

Answer 33

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer system

Question 34

Amino acids (building blocks of protein) respond to changes in pH by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions:

Answer 34

Protein Buffer System

Question 35

Acids that cannot be converted to gases are eliminated via urine; is a powerful and efficient system, which takes hours to days to work and is the slowest of all buffer systems:

Answer 35

Phosphate Buffer System (renal)

Question 36

Occurs when decreases rate and depth of breathing, obstruction of air passages and decreased gas exchange lead to a decrease in alveolar ventilation. This causes a retention of CO2 and excess CO2 is converted to carbonic acid which decreases pH:

Answer 36

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 37

Increase in alveolar ventilation which eliminates too much CO2, loss of CO2 causes a loss of hydrogen ions and a rise in pH:

Answer 37

Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 38

Accumulation of acids or a loss of bicarbonate, excess acids are produced from within the body or are ingested increased H ions.

Answer 38

Metabolic acidosis