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DND Infectious Midterm > Pathophysiology I > Flashcards

Pathophysiology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three categories of infectious diseases?

A

established infectious disease
newly emerging infectious disease
reemerging infectious disease

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2
Q

what are established infectious disease?

A

endemic diseases that have been prevalent for a sufficient perioud of time to allow for a relatively stable and predictable level of morbity and mortality

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3
Q

what are newly emerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that are recognized in the human host for the first time

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4
Q

what are reemerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that historically have infected humans but continue to reappear in either new locations or resistant forms or reappear after apparent control or elimination or under unusual circumstances

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5
Q

what is the definition of infectious disease?

A

disorder in which tissue damage or dysfunction is produced by a microorganisms

direct damage causes by microorganisms, or defense mechanisms to eliminate infection

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6
Q

what are ways that microorganisms of infectious disease can transmission

A

person to person = contagious

or other sources, vectors, reservoirs including: animals, insects, soil, water, food, microbial flora

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7
Q

what is the complex of properties that allows an organism to achieve infection and cause disease of different degrees of severity

A

virulence

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8
Q

How do virulence factors enable organism to achieve infection and cause disease by:

A

gaining access to the body
avoiding multiple host defenses
accommodating growth in human milieu
parasitizing human resources
inducing damage or toxicity

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9
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of the host?

A

skin
mucous membranes
filtration system of upper respiratory airways
mucociliary escalator
antimicrobial secretions
lymphatic and immune systems

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10
Q

What are host factors in infectious disease?

A

historical notion
heritable variability
age
previous exposures
integrity of host defenses
behavior

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11
Q

What are infectious agents?

A

viruses
prions
bacteria
fungi
protozoa
helminths

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12
Q

What are different types and onsets of infectious disease?

A

acute
chronic

local
systemic

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13
Q

What are the different possible locations and compartments of infection?

A

respiratory system - upper and lower
dental
digestive - enteritis and peritonitis
urogenital
skin
bone and joint
central nervous system
blood

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14
Q

The smallest livings cells are known as

A

bacteria

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15
Q

what is the typical size of bacteria?

A

0.1 -10 um

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16
Q

bacteria are also known as

A

prokaryotes

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17
Q

how are bacteria classified?

A

based on structural features of the outer envelope

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18
Q

Most bacteria have a

A

rigid cell wall

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19
Q

What is the name of the gram stain used to classify bacteria?

A

crystal violet - iodine complex

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20
Q

What are some key characteristics of gram positive bacteria?

A

dark blue stain does not wash out
cell wall contains teichoic acid and thick peptidoglycan layer

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21
Q

What are some key characteristics of gram negative bacteria?

A

stain washes out and counter stains with safranin
outer membrane contains a lipopolysaccharide component (LPS)

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22
Q

What is an endotoxin, that is a potent mediator of shock?

A

LPS

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23
Q

T or F. the dark blue stain does not wash out in gram positive bacteria

A

T

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24
Q

T or F. the stain does not wash out in gram negative bacteria

A

F. the stain does wash out and safranin is used to stain red/pink

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25
Q

What are the types of bacterial shapes?

A

cocci
bacilli
vibros
spirochetes

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26
Q

what bacteria shape are rods

A

bacilli

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27
Q

what bacteria shape are spherical or round?

A

cocci

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28
Q

what bacteria shape are curved?

A

vibros

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29
Q

Which bacteria shape are spiral shaped?

A

spirochetes

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30
Q

The different types of classifications for bacteria are?

A

gram stain
shape
colony characteristics
metabolic requirements
biochemical components
genetics

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31
Q

what are the different types of metabolic requirements for bacteria?

A

aerobic
anaerobic
faculative

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32
Q

What are the different types of biochemical components for bacteria?

A

coagulase
catalase
hemolytic

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33
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

direct destruction of tissue
release of toxins
stimulation of host response

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34
Q

What is released during the acute phase of bacteria causing disease?

A

IL1 IL6 TNF

35
Q

do all bacteria cause disease?

A

no

36
Q

what is the function of normal flora?

A

aid in digestion
produce vitamins
friendly bacteria protect pathogens by forming a barrier and fighting for available nutrients

37
Q

T or F Normal flora that invade sterile sites cannot cause disease

A

false. they can cause disease

38
Q

___________ have mechanism that promote growth at the hosts expense

A

virulent bacteria

39
Q

____________ take advantage of preexisting conditions that enhance susceptibility

A

opportunistic bacteria

40
Q

What are some examples of conditions for opportunistic bacteria?

A

immunosuppression such as burn or HIV patients
breaches in skin

41
Q

What are the two major factors that determine the occurrence of a disease?

A

Bacterial strain
inoculum size

42
Q

T or F inoculum size varies greatly among bacteria

A

T

43
Q

T or F inoculum size is not influenced by pH or congenital defects

A

F. it is

44
Q

T or F bacteria possess different degrees of virulence

A

T

45
Q

What are different areas of the body into which bacteria may gain entry?

A

mouth
nose
respiratory tract
ears
eyes
urogenital tract
anus

breaches in skin
external or internal wounds

46
Q

T or F The GI tract is naturally colonized by benign and potentially helpful bacteria

A

T. normal gut flora

47
Q

T or F Environmental conditions may determine what bacteria can or will colonize at a body site

A

T

48
Q

Sterile body sites may be colonized by bacteria if there

A

is a breach of the bodys defenses or a new portal of entry such as a puncture

49
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in CF is due to reduction in _____________

A

mucociliary function and altered secretions

50
Q

are mechanisms used by bacteria to adhere to and colonize body surfaces general or specifc?

A

specific

51
Q

bacteria are not washed away due to the fact that they…

A

adhere to blood vessels, bladder walls or endothelial lining

52
Q

e.coli and other bacteria have ________- that bind to specific tissue receptors

A

adhesions

53
Q

many adhesions are present on the tips of bacterial _____________

A

fimbriae (pilli)

54
Q

How do streptococcus pyogenes adhere?

A

using lipoteichoic acid and F protein to bind to epithelial cells

55
Q

______ and ______ express adhesions that are not on fimbriae

A

bordetella pertussis and mycoplasma pneumoniae

56
Q

bacterial adhesions of neisseria gonorrhoeae are

A

fimbriae which binds to oligosaccharide receptors on epithelial cells

57
Q

What are the bacterial adhesions of E coli?

A

p fimbriae
binds receptors for - d - falactosyl - - d galactoside which is present on p blood group antgen on erythrocytes and uroepi cells

58
Q

_____ are a special adaptation that facilitates colonization

A

biofilms

59
Q

biofilms are bound within a sticky web of _____

A

polysaccharide

60
Q

________ sense when cell number is sufficient to produce a biofilm and create a bacterial communtity

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

61
Q

what is an example of a biofilm?

A

dental plaque

62
Q

what is the function of biofilms?

A

they protect bacteria from host defenses

63
Q

bacteria are unable to cross skin but some can

A

cross mucosal membranes

64
Q

invasive bacteria either _____ or _____

A

destroy the barrier
penetrate barrier cells

65
Q

what are the three types of bacteria that use fimbriae to bind micofold cells of the colon that stimulate cell membrane to engulf the bacteria?

A

shigella
salmonella
yersinia

66
Q

what type of bacteria in terms of penetration can spread to adjacent cells?

A

shigella

67
Q

what type of bacteria in terms of penetration can pass through the cell and initiate a systemic infection?

A

salmonella

68
Q

what are pathogenicity islands?

A

large chromosomal regions that contain sets of genes encoding virulence factors

69
Q

T or F genes of a pathogenicity island may be turned on by a single stimulus such as pH or heat

A

True

70
Q

what two bacteria encode protein machinery for invasion within pathogenicity islands in DNA?

A

salmonella sp
enteropathogenic strains of e colo

71
Q

what are some by products of bacterial growth?

A

acids, gas and other toxic substances
also degradative enzymes

72
Q

what is a by product of clostridum perfringens after it establishes infection in O2 depleted tissue?

A

gas gangrene

73
Q

bacterial products that directly harm tissue or trigger destruction are known as

A

toxins

74
Q

what are the causes of toxin and toxin like activities?

A

degradative enzymes that cause lysis of cells and receptor binding protein initiate toxic reactions in target cells

75
Q

______ components initiate systemic responses due to release of cytokines

A

cell wall

76
Q

What is presented in food contaminates and can cause symptoms before an organism even begins growing? What are two examples of bacteria in which this can be found?

A

preformed toxins
staph aureus and bacillus cereus

77
Q

T or F bacterial cell wall components cannot elicit a host response

A

False. They can

78
Q

What components of the bacterial cell wall can bind to toll like receptors on myeloid cells and stimulate cytokines?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

79
Q

in gram positive organisms, ____ , ____, and _____ are released and stimulate pyrogenic acute phase responses that are endotoxin like

A

peptidoglycan, teichoic acid , lipoteichoic acid

80
Q

in gram negative organisms, lipopolysaccharide activates inflammatory reaction and it is known as a

A

endotoxin

81
Q

What portion of LPS is responsible for endotoxin activity?

A

the lipid portion

82
Q

Only gram ____ make endotoxin

A

negative

83
Q
A

DND Infectious Midterm (1 decks)

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