Pathophysiology Fundamentals (1) Flashcards
Cellular Adaptation and Injury
What is Atrophy?
size reduction due to factors like malnutrition
What is Hypertrophy?
size increase due to increased workload
What is Hyperplasia?
increase in cell numbers due to e.g. hormonal regulation
What is metaplasia?
the conversion of one cell type to another due to enduring stress
Dysplasia
abnormal growth
Cell Injury
can result from biochemical lesions (any biochemical change or abnormalities that has occured) –> this is influenced by toxins, infections, or physical and deficit injuries
What is toxic injury?
caused by internal (endogenous) factors like metabolic errors or external (exogenous) factors like drugs or alcohol
What is Infectious injury?
caused by Agents like viruses, and bacteria, often disrupting cell synthesis (formation)
What is physical injury?
results from thermal injuries (e.g. radiation) or mechanical injuries (e.g. trauma)
What is a deficit injury?
occurs due to a deficiency in water, oxygen, nutrients, temperature regulation, or waste disposal -> this leads to cell death
Cell Degeneration/non-lethal damage
generally affects cytoplasm, caused by factors like swelling, fatty filtrates, and atrophy
Cell Aging
cells lose their structure and function with aging which is influenced by wear and tear injuries , thus affecting all body systems
What Factors affect Cell Aging?
Intrinsic Factors - e.g. metabolic and nutritional factors
Extrinsic Factors - physical Agents, chemicals, and infectious Agents
