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Vascular Physiology > Pathophysiology Continued > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Continued Flashcards

1
Q

6 stages of plaque formation

A
  1. Intimal damage
  2. Platelet aggregation
  3. Release of PDGF
  4. Proliferation of smooth muscle
  5. Formation of connective tissue matrix
  6. Deposition of lipids and other materials
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2
Q

True of False: plaque has to be severe to cause acute occlusion.

A

False- Plaques do not have to be severe to cause acute occlusion.

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3
Q

What methods are used to diagnose arterial disease?

A
  • History and physical
  • Noninvasive studies
  • Angiography
  • MRA
  • CT
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4
Q

What are some ways to treat arterial disease?

A
  • Medical therapy (exercise, medication)
  • Endovascular therapy (stenting, ablation)
  • Endarterectomy
  • Bypass
  • Amputation (most common in diabetics)
  • New age medicine
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5
Q

Most common site of atherosclerotic build up?

A

SFA mid to distal thigh in adductor canal.

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6
Q

Why is treating DVT important?

A

DVT can cause PE

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7
Q

How many people die each year from PE?

A

200,000

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8
Q

__% of PEs come from leg clots.

A

90%

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9
Q

What are the Sx’s of DVT?

A

Swelling, aching, and the best clinical indication: acute unilateral edema.

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10
Q

If a Pt has bilateral edema do you still expect for them to have DVT?

A

No- DVT usually presents as unilateral edema. Bilateral edema can suggest CHF.

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11
Q

What do you expect with full blown DVT?

A

Usually all major veins of entire leg are filled with clots: femoral to popliteal to calf.

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12
Q

What percentage of calf thrombus propagate proximally if untreated?

A

15-20%

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13
Q

Risk factors of DVT

A
  • cancer
  • surgery
  • bedrest
  • pregnancy
  • infection
  • trauma
  • obesity
  • CHF
  • age
  • dehydration
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14
Q

All risk factors of DVT are related to ____ ____.

A

Virchow’s triad

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15
Q

Who was Virchow?

A

A german physician and pioneer

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16
Q

What term did Virchow coin?

A

Thrombus

17
Q

Virchow discovered the cause of ____ ____. He also fought for better social conditions in order to combat disease.

A

He discovered the cause of pulmonary embolus.

18
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A
  1. Stasis
  2. Hypercoagulability
  3. Vessel-wall injury
19
Q

Blood is in a constant state of ____ and ____ clotting.

A

In constant state of clotting and not clotting.

20
Q

Where does clot usually begin?

A

In soleal sinuses and/or valve cusps.

21
Q

Once there is thrombus, the body ____ it over weeks and months

A

The body lyses it.

22
Q

When the body lyses a clot there is some degree of valve damage. This leads to what?

A

deep vein insufficiency

23
Q

What are methods used to diagnose DVT?

A
  • clinical
  • noninvasive study
  • venography
24
Q

What are the treatments used for DVT?

A

Heparinizing for a week- then 3-6 months on coumadin. You can also lyse the clot with tPA, but it is not useful after clot has formed completely.

25
Q

What is CVI and what causes it?

A

Chronic venous insufficiency, caused by venous hypertension.

26
Q

What are the Sx’s of CVI?

A
  • chronic edema
  • stasis pigmentation changes
  • lipodermatosclerosis
  • stasis ulcer
27
Q

How do you test and treat CVI?

A 
Testing:
-PPG
-APG
-duplex/color flow
-descending venography
Treatment:
-foam & ablation
28
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

weakening and bulging of arterial walls.

29
Q

True aneurysm

A

involves bulging of all 3 walls.

30
Q

False aneurysm

A

may only be bulging of 1 layer.

31
Q

Pseudoaneurysm

A

artery doesn’t close completely causing blood to escape into the tissue.

32
Q

Who’s law proves that large vessels are most susceptible to aneurysm?

A

Law of La Place

33
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

blood clot in tissue

34
Q

What is Raynaud’s syndrome, and who is most likely to have it?

A

abnormal sympathetic response to cold or emotion; young females.

35
Q

What are the triphasic color changes of Raynaud’s?

A
  • Pallor (white)
  • Cyanosis (blue)
  • Rubor (red)
36
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

compression at the superior thoracic outlet resulting from excess pressure placed on a neurovascular bundle.

37
Q

What type of thoracic outlet syndrome is most common?

A

Nuerogenic

38
Q

What is Buerger’s disease, and who is most likely to have it?

A

Small clots in the digits; young male smokers.

39
Q

What is an arteriovenous fistula?

A

abnormal communication between artery and vein, has very low resistance.

Vascular Physiology (7 decks)

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