Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
pathophysiology
study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes.
pathology
study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease
disease
deviation from the normal structure or function of any art, organ, system or from state of wellness
health
physical mental and social well-being
prevention
decrease incidence of certain disease
primary prevention
protect healthy people form developing disease or experiencing injury in first place
secondary prevention
intervention happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed
- goal is to halt or slow progression of disease in earliest stage
tertiary prevention
focuses on helping people manage complicated long-term health problems such as diabetes heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain
gross level
organ or systen
microscopic
cellular
biopsy
excision of living tissue
autopsy
examination after death
diagnosis
identification of specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests or other tools
etiology
cause of disease
idiopathic
cause of disease is unkown
iatrogenic
treatment, procedure or error causes disease
predisposing factor
tendencies that promote development of disease in an individual
(indicates high risk of disease but not certain development)
-e.x., age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure or diet
prophylaxis
measure designed to preserve health of an individual or society and prevent the spread of disease
preventative measures
vaccines, diet, lifestyle, remove harmful material from environment, stop engaging in harmful activities (smoking)
pathogenesis
development of disease or sequence of events involved in tissue change related to specific disease process
acute onset
sudden and obvious
insidious
gradual progression with vague mild symptoms ( disease creeps up on you)
acute disease
short term illness develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever and severe pain ( acute appendicitis)
chronic disease
milder condition develops gradually (e.x., rheumatoid arthritis)persists for long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage
subclinical
pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no manifestation
(e.x., kidney damage may progress to advance stage of renal damage before symptoms are manifested)
latent stage
“silent” stage - no clinical signs are evident
incubation period
time between exposure to microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms
prodromal period
comprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are non specific (e.x., fatigue, loss of appetite or headache)
manifestation
clinical evidence or effects , signs and symptoms of a disease
local manifestation
redness/swelling at site of problem
systemic manifestation
signs and symptoms are general indicators of illness, such as fever
signs
objective indicators of disease obvious to someone other than the affected individual
symptoms
subjective feelings such as pain or nausea
lesion
specific local change in tissue ( may by microscopic or highly visual )
syndrome
collection of signs and symptoms affection more than one organ, usually occur together in response to a certain condition
diagnostic tests
laboratory tests that assist in diagnosis of specific disease
remission
period or condition in which manifestations of disease subsides either permanently or temporarily
exacerbation
worsening of symptoms
precipitating factor
condition that triggers and onset of an acute episode (shoveling snow results in angina attack)
complication
secondary/additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
(e.x., after a heart failure someone experiences congestive heart failure)
therapy
therapeutic interventions are treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease
(e.x., surgery, drugs, physiotherapy, alternative therapies, behavior modifications)
sequelae
potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition ( e.x., paralysis after stroke)
convalescence
period of recovery
rehabilitation
period of recovery and return to normal healthy state
prognosis
probability / likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
morbidity
disease rates within a group
mortality
relative number of deaths resulting from particular disease
autopsy (postmortem examination)
performed after death to determine the exact cause of death or determine course of illness and effectiveness of treatment
epidemiology
science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease.
occurrence
tracked by recording two factors, incidence and prevalence
incidence
the number of new cases in given population noted within a stated time period
prevalence
number of new AND OLD or existing cases within specific population and time period
( usually a larger figure than incidence)
epidemics
higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area
pandemic
higher number of cases GLOBALLY
communicable disease
infections that can be spread from one person to another
notifiable/reportable disease
diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities this is intended to prevent further spread of the disease and maintain public health
atrophy
decrease in size of cell
hypertrophy
increase in size of cell
hyperplasia
increased NUMBER of cell
metaplasia
when one mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type
dysplasia
cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei present and increase rate of mitosis
anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures
(seen in most malignant tumors - used to assessing aggressiveness of tumor)
neoplasia
new growth ; tumor - malignant or benign
malignant neoplasm = cancer
apoptosis
programmed cell death, normal occurrence in body
occurs when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, cell is injured or aged
necrosis
death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue/organ as a result of irreversible damage
NOT PROGRAMMED CELLULAR EVENT
ischemia
decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction
hypoxia
reduced oxygen in tissue
exogenous
outside body (environment)
endogenous
inside body
microorganisms
living organisms too small to be seen with naked eye ( bacteria/virus)
pryroptosis
lysis/dissolution of cell, release lysosomal enzyme and causes inflammation
morphologic
change in shape
necrosis
group of cells die and cause further damage due to cellular disintegration
liquefaction necrosis
dead cells liquefy under influence of cell enzymes
coagulative necrosis
cel proteins are altered or denatured and cells retain some form for a time after death
fat necrosis
fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in presence of infection or certain enzymes
caseous necrosis
form of coagulation necrosis in which thick yellowish “cheesy” substance forms. (e.x., TB)
infarction
area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
gangrene
area of necrotic tissue usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria
