Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes.

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2
Q

pathology

A

study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease

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3
Q

disease

A

deviation from the normal structure or function of any art, organ, system or from state of wellness

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4
Q

health

A

physical mental and social well-being

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5
Q

prevention

A

decrease incidence of certain disease

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6
Q

primary prevention

A

protect healthy people form developing disease or experiencing injury in first place

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7
Q

secondary prevention

A

intervention happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed
- goal is to halt or slow progression of disease in earliest stage

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8
Q

tertiary prevention

A

focuses on helping people manage complicated long-term health problems such as diabetes heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain

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9
Q

gross level

A

organ or systen

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10
Q

microscopic

A

cellular

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11
Q

biopsy

A

excision of living tissue

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12
Q

autopsy

A

examination after death

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13
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests or other tools

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14
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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15
Q

idiopathic

A

cause of disease is unkown

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16
Q

iatrogenic

A

treatment, procedure or error causes disease

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17
Q

predisposing factor

A

tendencies that promote development of disease in an individual
(indicates high risk of disease but not certain development)
-e.x., age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure or diet

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18
Q

prophylaxis

A

measure designed to preserve health of an individual or society and prevent the spread of disease

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19
Q

preventative measures

A

vaccines, diet, lifestyle, remove harmful material from environment, stop engaging in harmful activities (smoking)

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20
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of disease or sequence of events involved in tissue change related to specific disease process

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21
Q

acute onset

A

sudden and obvious

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22
Q

insidious

A

gradual progression with vague mild symptoms ( disease creeps up on you)

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23
Q

acute disease

A

short term illness develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever and severe pain ( acute appendicitis)

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24
Q

chronic disease

A

milder condition develops gradually (e.x., rheumatoid arthritis)persists for long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage

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25
Q

subclinical

A

pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no manifestation
(e.x., kidney damage may progress to advance stage of renal damage before symptoms are manifested)

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26
Q

latent stage

A

“silent” stage - no clinical signs are evident

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27
Q

incubation period

A

time between exposure to microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms

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28
Q

prodromal period

A

comprises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are non specific (e.x., fatigue, loss of appetite or headache)

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29
Q

manifestation

A

clinical evidence or effects , signs and symptoms of a disease

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30
Q

local manifestation

A

redness/swelling at site of problem

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31
Q

systemic manifestation

A

signs and symptoms are general indicators of illness, such as fever

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32
Q

signs

A

objective indicators of disease obvious to someone other than the affected individual

33
Q

symptoms

A

subjective feelings such as pain or nausea

34
Q

lesion

A

specific local change in tissue ( may by microscopic or highly visual )

35
Q

syndrome

A

collection of signs and symptoms affection more than one organ, usually occur together in response to a certain condition

36
Q

diagnostic tests

A

laboratory tests that assist in diagnosis of specific disease

37
Q

remission

A

period or condition in which manifestations of disease subsides either permanently or temporarily

38
Q

exacerbation

A

worsening of symptoms

39
Q

precipitating factor

A

condition that triggers and onset of an acute episode (shoveling snow results in angina attack)

40
Q

complication

A

secondary/additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
(e.x., after a heart failure someone experiences congestive heart failure)

41
Q

therapy

A

therapeutic interventions are treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease
(e.x., surgery, drugs, physiotherapy, alternative therapies, behavior modifications)

42
Q

sequelae

A

potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition ( e.x., paralysis after stroke)

43
Q

convalescence

A

period of recovery

44
Q

rehabilitation

A

period of recovery and return to normal healthy state

45
Q

prognosis

A

probability / likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

46
Q

morbidity

A

disease rates within a group

47
Q

mortality

A

relative number of deaths resulting from particular disease

48
Q

autopsy (postmortem examination)

A

performed after death to determine the exact cause of death or determine course of illness and effectiveness of treatment

49
Q

epidemiology

A

science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease.

50
Q

occurrence

A

tracked by recording two factors, incidence and prevalence

51
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases in given population noted within a stated time period

52
Q

prevalence

A

number of new AND OLD or existing cases within specific population and time period
( usually a larger figure than incidence)

53
Q

epidemics

A

higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area

54
Q

pandemic

A

higher number of cases GLOBALLY

55
Q

communicable disease

A

infections that can be spread from one person to another

56
Q

notifiable/reportable disease

A

diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities this is intended to prevent further spread of the disease and maintain public health

57
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cell

58
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cell

59
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased NUMBER of cell

60
Q

metaplasia

A

when one mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type

61
Q

dysplasia

A

cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei present and increase rate of mitosis

62
Q

anaplasia

A

cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures
(seen in most malignant tumors - used to assessing aggressiveness of tumor)

63
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth ; tumor - malignant or benign

malignant neoplasm = cancer

64
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, normal occurrence in body

occurs when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, cell is injured or aged

65
Q

necrosis

A

death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue/organ as a result of irreversible damage
NOT PROGRAMMED CELLULAR EVENT

66
Q

ischemia

A

decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction

67
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced oxygen in tissue

68
Q

exogenous

A

outside body (environment)

69
Q

endogenous

A

inside body

70
Q

microorganisms

A

living organisms too small to be seen with naked eye ( bacteria/virus)

71
Q

pryroptosis

A

lysis/dissolution of cell, release lysosomal enzyme and causes inflammation

72
Q

morphologic

A

change in shape

73
Q

necrosis

A

group of cells die and cause further damage due to cellular disintegration

74
Q

liquefaction necrosis

A

dead cells liquefy under influence of cell enzymes

75
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

cel proteins are altered or denatured and cells retain some form for a time after death

76
Q

fat necrosis

A

fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in presence of infection or certain enzymes

77
Q

caseous necrosis

A

form of coagulation necrosis in which thick yellowish “cheesy” substance forms. (e.x., TB)

78
Q

infarction

A

area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen

79
Q

gangrene

A

area of necrotic tissue usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria