Pathophysiology Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the study of how normal physiological process can be altered by disease or the body’s response to injury?

Answer 1

Pathophysiology

Question 2

The dynamic steady state is also known as:

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

All organisms constantly adjust their physiological processes in an effort to maintain an internal balance is defined as:

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

Homeostasis is a foundation of all normal body processes, also termed:

Answer 4

normal regulatory systems

Question 5

For every cell, tissue, or organ system that performs one function, there is always at least one that performs an opposing function know as:

Answer 5

counter-regulatory systems

Question 6

Most communication within the body takes place at the cellular level. Cells communicate electrochemically through a process called:

Answer 6

cell signaling

Question 7

Cells signal through the release of molecules (such as hormones) that bind to proteins called:

Answer 7

Receptors.

This signaling triggers chemical reactions in the receiving cells that lead to biological action.

Question 8

When a chemical action in a receptor is completed, the opposing system steps in, “turning off” the action. This is also termed

Answer 8

feedback inhibition or negative feedback

Question 9

The degree of fluid imbalance required to alter homeostasis and result in illness depends on:

Answer 9

patient’s size, age, and underlying medical condition

In healthy adults, loss of more than 30% of total body fluid is required, but only 10% to 15% in a small child could result in symptoms.

Question 10

A _________ is any molecule, whether produced by the body (endogenous) or given by a drug (exogenous) that binds any receptor, anywhere, leading to any reaction.

Answer 10

Ligand

Question 11

A hormone that acts on the cell that secretes it.

Answer 11

Autocrine hormone

Question 12

The process by which cells communicate with one another.

Answer 12

Cell signaling

Question 13

Systems that consist of an opposing function for every function.

Answer 13

Counter-regulatory systems

Question 14

Another term or description for homeostasis.

Answer 14

Dynamic Steady State

Question 15

Hormones that are carried to their target or cell group in the bloodstream.

Answer 15

Endocrine hormones

Question 16

Hormones that are secreted through ducts into an organ or onto epithelial surfaces.

Answer 16

Exocrine hormones

Question 17

Negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body.

Answer 17

Feedback inhibition

Question 18

A term derived from the Greek words for “same” or “steady”. All organisms constantly adjust their physiological processes in an effort to maintain an internal balance.

Answer 18

Homeostasis

Question 19

Proteins formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism.

Answer 19

Hormones (regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and temperature.)

Question 20

The concept that once the desired effect of a process has been achieved, further action is inhibited until it is needed again.

Answer 20

Negative feedback

Question 21

Proteins that transmit signals between cells of the nervous system.

Answer 21

Neurotransmitters

Question 22

All normal body processes.

Answer 22

Normal regulatory systems

Question 23

Hormones that diffuse through intracellular spaces to their target.

Answer 23

Paracrine hormones.

Question 24

The study of how normal physiological process are altered by disease.

Answer 24

Pathophysiology

Question 25

A signal within a feedback loop that causes an action within that loop to increase.

Answer 25

Positive feedback

Question 26

What are the 5 primary mechanisms that help the body eliminate excess temperature or heat?

Answer 26

Convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation, and respiration

Question 27

Fluid therapy, based on local protocols, should be administered in:

Answer 27

symptomatic patients

Question 28

What are examples of endocrine hormones?

Answer 28

Thyroid hormones and adrenal steroids

Question 29

What are examples of exocrine hormones?

Answer 29

Stomach acids and perspiration

Question 30

_______ hormones include histamine, the hormone released during an allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Answer 30

Paracrine

Question 31

Acetylcholine, which aids in the movement of nerve impulses from neuron, is a:

Answer 31

Neurotransmitter

Question 32

Examples of electrolytes commonly found in the body include:

Answer 32

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride