Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the study of how normal physiological process can be altered by disease or the body’s response to injury?
Pathophysiology
The dynamic steady state is also known as:
Homeostasis
All organisms constantly adjust their physiological processes in an effort to maintain an internal balance is defined as:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is a foundation of all normal body processes, also termed:
normal regulatory systems
For every cell, tissue, or organ system that performs one function, there is always at least one that performs an opposing function know as:
counter-regulatory systems
Most communication within the body takes place at the cellular level. Cells communicate electrochemically through a process called:
cell signaling
Cells signal through the release of molecules (such as hormones) that bind to proteins called:
Receptors.
This signaling triggers chemical reactions in the receiving cells that lead to biological action.
When a chemical action in a receptor is completed, the opposing system steps in, “turning off” the action. This is also termed
feedback inhibition or negative feedback
The degree of fluid imbalance required to alter homeostasis and result in illness depends on:
patient’s size, age, and underlying medical condition
In healthy adults, loss of more than 30% of total body fluid is required, but only 10% to 15% in a small child could result in symptoms.
A _________ is any molecule, whether produced by the body (endogenous) or given by a drug (exogenous) that binds any receptor, anywhere, leading to any reaction.
Ligand
A hormone that acts on the cell that secretes it.
Autocrine hormone
The process by which cells communicate with one another.
Cell signaling
Systems that consist of an opposing function for every function.
Counter-regulatory systems
Another term or description for homeostasis.
Dynamic Steady State
Hormones that are carried to their target or cell group in the bloodstream.
Endocrine hormones
Hormones that are secreted through ducts into an organ or onto epithelial surfaces.
Exocrine hormones
Negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body.
Feedback inhibition
A term derived from the Greek words for “same” or “steady”. All organisms constantly adjust their physiological processes in an effort to maintain an internal balance.
Homeostasis
Proteins formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism.
Hormones (regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and temperature.)
The concept that once the desired effect of a process has been achieved, further action is inhibited until it is needed again.
Negative feedback
Proteins that transmit signals between cells of the nervous system.
Neurotransmitters
All normal body processes.
Normal regulatory systems
Hormones that diffuse through intracellular spaces to their target.
Paracrine hormones.
The study of how normal physiological process are altered by disease.
Pathophysiology
A signal within a feedback loop that causes an action within that loop to increase.
Positive feedback
What are the 5 primary mechanisms that help the body eliminate excess temperature or heat?
Convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation, and respiration
Fluid therapy, based on local protocols, should be administered in:
symptomatic patients
What are examples of endocrine hormones?
Thyroid hormones and adrenal steroids
What are examples of exocrine hormones?
Stomach acids and perspiration
_______ hormones include histamine, the hormone released during an allergic and inflammatory reactions.
Paracrine
Acetylcholine, which aids in the movement of nerve impulses from neuron, is a:
Neurotransmitter
Examples of electrolytes commonly found in the body include:
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride
